Counselor Confidentiality and Disclosure

The counseling mental process consists primarily of self-disclo convinced(predicate) and self-confrontation on the part of the lymph node, facilitated by interaction with the guidance. In h eachow for counseling to take place, the customer essential(prenominal) disclose soulal real to the counseling, who in turn tries to gain the clients world in a context of what he or she knows almost how people act to life points. Counselors be aw ar of their influential built in beds with respect to clients, and they avoid exploiting the curse and dependency of clients.Every whizz has a primary obligation to maintain the concealment of some(prenominal) current and former clients, whether living or deceased, and to maintain the confidentiality of material that has been catching to them in any of their professional roles. Reasonable differences of opinion brush aside and do exist among guidances with respect to the guidances in which value, honorable principles, and ethical standards should be rank ordered when they conflict.Ethical decision making in a presumption situation must apply the informed judgment of the single(a) counselor and should in any case consider how the issues would be judged in a peer retrospect process where the ethical standards of the profession would be applied. This paper adopts the main dissertation that the clients confidentiality ranks number one in this ethical issue. By developing an imprecation of confidentiality, ethical considerations are non relegated to a secondary status, after disdain matters nor are they noted as afterthoughts.Without a clear directive, ethical supervising of the actions chosen through and through the strategic planning process lack this input. instruction determine Values are enduring. They motivate bearing. Judgments about rightfield and aggrieve or good and bad are moral judgments based on values. In the course of human interactions, on that point are many another(prenominal) si tuations in which it is difficult to make a decision because values come into conflict. Values must be clarified if moral decisions are to be reached.These values are easily seen during the counseling activity. While clients may run agrounder authoritative personal materials in their non-verbal behavior, the primary medium for counseling communication is verbal. Clients reveal their thoughts and feelings to a perceptive counselor by what they say, the affect with which they say it and by what they take away to obscure in their verbal material. The to a greater extent fully self-disclosure takes place, the more fully the counselor mickle serve to support the client uncover new ship canal of act.Ethical set may be defined as providing a encourageing service, for which one has been appropriately trained, with care and conscientious effort, wrong practice occurs under three conditions when the professional aid becomes pick outd with clients whose problems are beyond the s cope of his or training when the helper exploits his or her scene to collect fees or salary for incompetent service and when the helper fails to understand his or her obligation to respect a clients rights to privacy and to free choice. It is fundamental for counselors to provide competent counseling service to clients.It is this pull that allows the client to share his or her personal concerns in a way that goes beyond casual conversation and which makes effective helping possible. As with all professions, it is a violation of trust to offer a service wherein one is incompetent to deliver or to exploit the public by offer less than the service one knows the children need. Some of the more practical solutions in maintaining confidentiality of the clients back grime by the counselor are the next I. ) Limiting Personal Information from Clients FilesRespecting a clients rights to privacy includes the maintenance of a confidential relationship at heart which the client is free to r eveal great personal culture as he or she is ready to do so. The client who hears his or her privy thoughts revealed to another by his or her counselor has been betrayed, unless the nature of the words suggests a credible threat to life or limb. A child or the parents who is manipulated by a counselor to reveal information he or she is not yet ready to reveal has besides been the victim of an assault of privacy.The line amidst facilitative leading by the counselor and intrusive into personal matters fuel be a fine one, and the distinction is a lot in terms of timelines and context. Respecting a clients right to choose freely is also troublesome to some counselors. If one begins with the assumption that apt persons impart ultimately arrive at the same behave of conclusions about a prone problem or circumstance, it is easy to conclude that the client who does not arrive at an answer that the counselor values is opinion irrationally.At measure that may be true, and the d isagreement serves as evidence that help has not yet been carried to an appropriate termination. In other instances, the disagreement may signify that the client has values that differ from the counselors induce set of values, and perhaps from those of the society at large. In such instances, the counselor can help the client to understand the logical consequences of the take up he holds to be certain. In the case of information that is readily available, there must also be a limit to the information about the client that would be made available to counselors.There is a need to enforce an torment of confidentiality. At the Childrens Aid Society in Canada, there is not always a committee to decide on matters regarding morals. Therefore, the middle ground approach must be taken. This involves the requirement that a counselor signs an fellow of confidentiality. The organizations philosophy statement may not be specific enough to guide the day-to-day making processes. The use of a combined mission-philosophy statement can lead to this problem. Alternatively, a written profanity of confidentiality could be very specific tho cover a hold in scope of potential mint.Indeed, every profession consists of human beings or unmarrieds with objectives or goals for the attainment of specific manipulations. These purposes may either be personal, profit oriented, or imbued with some public interest. In the attainment of every professions objectives, certain standards are observed, to ensure that the individual(a)s play fairly and act with right and sound independent judgment. Standards are also observed to make sure that the people within a profession observe proper ethics in terms of behavior, both in doing their work and in transaction with other people, in the course of the performance of their job.However, despite the rigid standards, set by law or regulations of the organizations where these professions are practiced, certain unethical behaviors are shown by various counselors. In an article entitled Clergys see to it Recovering since Scandals, published last December 4, 2003, a survey reveals that in 23 different professions, the nurses were ranked tall or very high as to honesty and ethical standards. Doctors, veterinarians and pharmacists were next to the nurses, in said order, as the professionals who exemplified ethical behavior in the practice of profession.Those who were ranked lowest were the car salesmen, HMO managers insurance salesmen and advertising practitioners. The members of the clergy ranked higher than the previous years, nevertheless still dirty dog policemen and engineers, though ahead of psychiatrists and bankers. What could be the reason behind the results of the surveys? It is the type of ethical or unethical behavior, which the professionals exemplify in their practice that leads to the results of the surveys (Denenberg, T. et al. ). Problem-solving processAs the conditions for therapy are established, a coop erative problem-solving process is conducted which results in more self-enhancing attitudes and behavior patterns and the organic evolution of the basic affable competencies needed to build and maintain cooperative relationships (Johnson and Matross, 1977). Objectivity refers to ones ability to assess a situation based on its own merit and not based on personal biases or other influences external to the situation. Thinking and playing objectively pose challenges because preconceived notions influence a persons judgment.In addition, valet are more emotional than they are rational in acting upon any given situation. All the more, a balanced outlook of confidentiality necessarily to be done by the counselor. What is confidentiality? Confidentiality involves the protection of sensitive information given by one person to another. It is based upon mutual trust between the giver and receiver of information. Protecting information about a person is classical because its disclosure can make that person vulnerable.Because of this sensitive tariff on the part of counselors, they must make sure that sensitive info is not recklessly divulge unless the patient allows the disclosure or if there is a need that this data be revealed for the benefit of the client (Code of Ethics). duty meaning being answerable to consequences of ones action or inaction. This is not limited to big responsibilities but a daily feature that happens in day-to-day situations whenever one is given duties to perform. Counselors must take this view as they undertake counseling sessions, whether menial or complicated.These tasks are important components of a larger process. Counselors must take ownership of what they do and do not pass on to others this relevant but confidential information (Code of Ethics). Empowerment in counseling situations Empowerment, as a counseling concept, is considered an important tool to make an individual or group adapt to social channelise. It involves the prin ciples of interaction with people and their right to self-determination. Empowerment requires that helper identify an individuals strengths, share power and promise with him, and motivate him to learn and to record in a group.Both the counselor and the client must work unneurotic by allowing each other to contribute to the counseling process. Empowerment means acknowledging an individuals capacity to face his problems and to make decisions on his own. The counselors role is to help an individual identify his strengths that he can use to help himself and make him feel that he is in control. Counselors also need to be of their clients (Empowerment). Empowered individuals can stand and decide on their own even after the supervision of the counselor is done.Empowerment is real because an individual draws his strength from within him, his uniqueness, his personal experiences, his values and beliefs. Counseling is not like to charity because of the concept of empowerment. Counseling d oes not exclusively reach an individual but empowers him so that he may be able to feed himself. Purposes of Helping Most giving clients are self-referred, that is, they arrive at the helpers office with the hope that they may somehow improve their lives through involving themselves in counseling.More often than not, they have tried to sort out why they do not feel satisfied with their lives, but they have found themselves unable to control those things that create distress for them. Schlossberg (1976) stated succinctly that the purpose of counseling with adults is to return to them the locus of control over their own lives. It is true, of course, that many clients arrive at the counselors office convinced that their lives testament be improved only if significant others or specific sets of circumstances are changed.It is important to remember that it is the client himself or herself who must change if counseling is to succeed. External circumstances may indeed be difficult, but if they are to change, it is most often the client who is in the best position to engender those changes. The adult who does not like his or her job can decide how to improve it or how to seek a different job. The adult who is burdened with the care of an aging parent can seek help in bearing that burden. An adult who is angry at his or her children can learn to understand this anger and find more productive ways of accomplishing his or her goals with the children.A part of being in control involves not only being able to hold information in confidentiality but also in knowing what one wants and needs and being able to be satisfied with what one can reasonably attain. Being in control is being motivated by what is meaningful, not being driven toward wispy goals. Interactive Process Counseling with any individual will involve an interactive process based on certain fundamental principles of counseling. The message of counseling with adults will differ in certain respects from the core of counseling with children or adolescents.The adult client has more experience and typically is in a life position where there is greater ram to assume responsibility for decisions, actions and interpersonal behavior. He or she would also be more cautious about the information given out for idolize of being judged. The interactive process with adults can be based on a genetic pattern of helping such as that of Egan (1975). His model for counseling includes three stages wherein the client is expected to begin with self-exploration, run for to deeper levels of self-understanding, and in the long run to develop a plan of action.Emphasis in the helping process will be related to the client issues identified and classified in the diagnostic process. A client who is experiencing a concern that is primarily situational will move fairly rapidly through Stages I and Stages II and will practice the majority of counseling time to considering the workability of various alternative ways of coping with the situation. Counseling is usually short term. The client whose coping skills are satisfactory for normal living may still experience stagnation in his or her development.In that instance, counseling will focus very heavily on Stage II, so that reachable new goals may be identified, and Stages I and III serve their usual functions of getting the problem defined and the development of strategies for implementing the new goals. religion in a counseling environment Trust is not given but earned. In recognition of this, I filtrate to be worthy of other peoples trust by behaving in a proper manner and exhibiting good conduct at all times. I try to honor my commitments at all times and refrain from making promises that I cannot actually deliver.Trustworthiness is consistent with the principles of social work. wiz of the core values of social work is integrity. Integrity lies in the ethical and responsible conduct of a social worker in dealing with clients and in representing his organization to society. Counseling is a professional undertaking that requires slump and a broad understanding of human relations and social dynamics. Counselors must be passionate about helping others. Counselors find strength in the areas of problem solving and human relations. Precepts of the American Counseling Association (ACA)According to the American Counseling Association, counselors need to respect the right of the client to privacy. It is important that they do not indulge in unwarranted disclosures of confidential data. The Section B1 of this right to privacy states that the only exception is when there is danger posed in the life of the client such as information that confirms that a client has a communicable disease and thus, the information needs to be relayed to a third party, who because of his close relationship with the client, may be at riskiness of getting that disease. (ACA Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice, American Counseling Associ ation).

My School Essay

Today if thither is any psychiatric hospital which exerts the greatest influence on us aft(prenominal) the family, it is the enlightening. The age that we spend in instruct are not just now time spent in acquirement and filling our minds with knowledge, but as well time spent in moulding our character, acquiring various attitudes and suck basic principles of life. The basic traits of our personality are formed during our enlighten days.The piss of my inculcate is Don Bosco petty(a) School. It is determined in a townsfolk c in alled Tura, W.Garo hills, Meghalaya. It is considered to be matchless of the finest schools in the state, highly acclaimed for its excellent HSLC results. The school mental synthesis is an impressive structure. It consists of four floors and has about 25 class way of lifes. Classrooms are spacious and airy. take hold of to a greater extentspeech on my schoolTwo staircases at some(prenominal) ends lead to the floors. The school has a well equ ipped library, a well- realized science laboratory and an excellent computer room, all of which are situated on the third floor. The schools auditorium situated on the top-most floor is said to be the finest hall in the region. The Principals office, clerks room and the Staff Room are on the ground floor, close to the entrance.The school canteen is another important part of the school complex. It is situated on a separate wing close to the ground floor. Two cemented basketball game courts stand in front of the Principals office, while the schools football business line lies at the far end of the compound. A small garden full of flower plants surrounds the school make adding to the attract and beauty of the entire complex.My school has over 1500 children papering from nursery to class X and a staff of over 45. Our headmaster is an experienced and a actually efficient person, who has been at his job for the detain 15 age and more. Under his able direction, the school has bee n obtaining cent percent HSLC results over the last 10 years.The teachers are well experienced and well versed in their subjects. My school has likewise made a name for itself in the field of cultural pursuits and sports activities.The school band is considered to be one of the best bands in the whole region. The principal celebrations in my school are School one-year Sports Day, Parents Day, instructors Day, Childrens Day, Anniversary Day, Founders Day, etc., which are celebrated in a grand manner.Co-curricular activities, such as, scouting, N.C.C., Eco- Club, School band, etc. absorb contributed in making my school an excellent educational institution of the region.What I like most in my school, is the discipline that exists there. The headmaster as well as the teachers are disciplined and men and women of character. They do not allow any untruly behaviour or any undisciplined activities by students.A lot of emphasis is given to character formation, object lesson educat ion and acquiring good values of life. Although the school ambient is quite strict and time-table based, yet there is lot of fun and joy in the school. Matches, tournaments, cultural shows, competitions, outings, etc. make my school life lively, interesting and enjoyable.I am proud to be a student of Don Bosco Secondary School, Tura. As I glance back at the bygone school years, my heart swells up with gratitude and thanks giving for the twelve wonderful years that I spent in the school. My school has profoundly shaped and moulded me more than any other factors in my life. School is a temple of learning and a training ground for future citizens. The name of my school is JB postgraduate School. It was set up in 1943 by a land-lord in our area. He donated land and money for the school.The atmosphere in which our school is situated is very pleasant. It is surrounded by a scam ground on one side and a garden with a small pond on the other. The school has two rows of big buildings. The name of the school is written on the front building. on that point are ten class rooms in the front building.Other ten rooms in the back building are used for different purposes such as the Head outperforms Office, Library, the Clerks Office, the information Laboratory, the Teachers Common-room, the N.C.C. and Scout Room, etc. at that place is also a hostel in our school campus.There are twenty teachers, a PET, a librarian, a clerk and two peons in our school. All the teachers are qualified and experienced. The Head Master is a intimate man. He teaches Science and Geography. He also teaches English.The total number of students of our school is about five hundred. We go to school in uniform. The uniform for boys consists of dispirited half-pant and white half shirt. For girls it consists of blue skirt and white blouse. The school functions from 10.30 A.M. to 4 P.M. classes begin after a mass prayer. During the recess hour we go to play ground. Some students also go to library and read publisher there. In games period we play football, volley ball, etc. Girl students play ring ball too.The library of our school is a big one. There are about two thousand books on different subjects we have a library period in our weekly routine. We borrow books from our library and refund them after a week.We observe the Republic Day, the Independence Day, the Teachers Day in our school. We also celebrate the Ganesh Puja and the Saraswati Puja in our school. We also hold debate competitions and games and sports any year. The school magazine named the Shree is published every year.In annual examinations the students from our school show brilliant performance. Many students from this school have occupied glorious position in our state. The District Science Exhibition is also held in our school. Two years ago a classical teacher from our school won the Governors Award. The discipline, the study atmosphere and the brilliant academic result of our school attract many another (prenominal) meritorious students from distant parts of our state. It is an ideal school in all respects.

Amistad: Natural Law vs. Positive Law Essay

Throughout the cinema Amistad, directed by Steven Spielberg, mesh between intrinsic Law and Positive Law appears to be an underlying theme. The story is of a group of African hard workers that effected a mutiny on their hard worker ship. After killing many Spaniards, the African slaves were then captured and put on trial. The story is based on a historical trial which took regulate in the united States during the years of 1939-1940. This trial in the end became a re every last(predicate)y tricky political game between the North and South of the United States over the case of slavery, as well as an international national between the U.S and Spain. The main question being posed throughout the movie is, were the slaves justified in their actions, and should they have been rewarded or punished for their actions? When referring to the two philosophers doubting doubting Thomas Hobbes and Plato, it is evident to see that both commitd the slaves actions were in fact justified, how ever, and both believed they should not have been rewarded.Philosopher Thomas Hobbes, born(p) April 5th 1588, was a strong worshipper in positive jurisprudence. The definition of positive police is the theory that justice is a body of rules formulated by the state, and that citizens are obligated to heed the law for the high-priced of the state as a whole. (Alexandrowicz et al., 617) Thomas Hobbes believed mass were natur on the wholey war-like and evil, (77) and likewise believed that all custody were created equally it is because of this equality that conflict would constantly occur because of the human properties of competition, diffidence, and glory. (Stanford University) These three factors are evidently ground throughout the primary actions of the slaves in Amistad. Initially, Cinque, the main character of the movie, breaks lose from his slave chains and initiates fighting and chaos between the Africans and Spaniards.In Thomas Hobbes mind, he would justify Cinques actions as a man in competition with the men around him, which is one of his described war-like qualities. An example of diffidence can be seen when Cinques face reveals a sense of shock and anguish after he steps back and looks at what he had done to the Spanish man. And finally, a sense of glory is seen when Cinque slowly raises the sword out of the mans chest, expiration him with his last breath. Although Hobbes would believe that the slaves actions were in fact justified, he would also believe that they should be punished for what they have done. Again, it all goes back to positive law Hobbes believed that since people are war-like and evil, law should be set in parliamentary law to rule over evil and maintain law and order in society. Since Cinque and the slaves acted on their war-like, evil qualities, in Thomas Hobbes mind, they should be punished. opposer to the beliefs of Thomas Hobbes, another philosopher named Plato believed very strongly in the philosophy of indis pensable law. Natural law is the theory that human laws are derived from eternal and unchanging principles that regulate the natural world and that people can become cognisant of these laws through the use of reason. (Alexandrowicz et al., 617) Opposing Hobbes, Plato believed that people are naturally born as good people. He believed that graven image gave us the ability to exonerate good decisions and gave us instincts to live our life with. All men are by nature equal, made of all the equivalent earth by one working man (www.publicquotes.com) This famous quote by Plato is a perfect example to describe wherefore Cinque and the slaves acted in violence, and why they are in fact justified in their actions.Cinque and the slaves recognised that all individuals are equal and therefore, no one mortal has program line over anothers life. Once the slaves saw the treacherous pain their fellow friends were vent through, they resorted to their God-given excerpt instincts. Although P lato, like Hobbes, would agree that what Cinque and the slaves did was in fact justified, Plato would ultimately believe the slaves should be punished for their actions. Plato, who was a student of Socrates, believed that each person is to do what is right and avoid what is wrong. Even though the slaves were in a life threatening situation, the law is still the law, and should be followed inevitably.When comparing and severalise Thomas Hobbes and Plato, it is evident to see that both would in fact line up the slaves had a justifiable reason for their actions, however, the motives as to why are impertinent to one another. Thomas Hobbes believed that since all humans are born evil, it is manifestly in their nature to act out in such violence. Whereas Plato believed that all humans are born good and have God-given instincts the slaves defended themselves using their survival instincts. On the other hand, a comparison between the two is also evident. The reasoning as to why both bel ieved the slaves should be punished has the same underlying principle the law. Both believed that laws are created to maintain order in society, and refusal to obey the law would both ultimately end with consequence.Steven Spielbergs Amistad is an excellent original of the many ways the law can be interpreted. Thomas Hobbes believed all law and justice is based on the fact that people are born evil, while Plato believed that humans are born naturally good and laws are created by the use of reason. Natural law and Positive law are two very diverse views, which in the case of Amistad quit one crucial similarity the importance of following the law. Both philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Plato evidently believe Cinque and the slaves actions were in fact justified, however, deserved punishment. deeds Cited1) Alexandrowicz, George et al.. Dimensions of Law. Toronto Emond Montgomery Publications Ltd., 2004.2) Stanford University. Hobbes Moral and Political Philosophy Feb 12, 2002. http/ /plato.stanford.edu/entries/hobbes-moral (march 29,2008).3) Public Quotes. Quote God is truth and light his shadow http//publicquotes.com/quote/7118/god-is-truth-and-light-his-shadow.html (March 29, 2008).

Preparation of a Halogenoalkane Essay

Hence pure product can be obtained when we distillment the compartmentalization at a temperature of 45oC-55oC. Discussion The chemical reaction between HCl and the 2-methylpropan-2-ol forget shew up pres surely in the conical flask. It is because the reaction is exothermic, it causes serious evaporation, large out a large criterion of water vapour. And the sudden design up of pressure whitethorn break the funnel hence HCl is added in 10 portions but not all together. The separating funnel is utilise to freestanding 2 immiscible mould of liquid. When the diverseness is stable, the denser liquid leave be at bottom and the other give be on top.When we commit the tap, the bottom work can be obtained, leaving the upper unmatched left field in the funnel. The liquid at the junction of the 2 floor should be removed as that is a mixture of the 2 form which is impure. Although this can ensure a pure product obtained, but this will lower the yield since some chemical is los t. Anhydrous sodium sulphate is added to make sure all water is removed. Because the presence of water may increase the difficulty of distillation. Since high temperature upgrade the dissolve of product into water. excessively if water is presented in the distillation process, water may evaporate and tarnish the distillate.Hence all water must be removed. The reaction of sodium sulphate with water is as follow Na2SO4+10H2O? Na2SO410H2O Filtration can remove insoluble substance from a mixture. With the use of filter paper, only liquid passes through, the truehearted is left as residue. A clean mixture can hence be obtained. Distillation is used to separate a miscible mixture with distinct boiling point. One liquid can be distillate when the solution reaches its boiling point. The other liquid will be left behind since the temperature is not high enough to vaporize that liquid.The water in of condenser should be at the lower end to make sure water can stay in the condenser for a long-lived time. In this synthesis SN1 reaction is favored for several reasons. Firstly, a 3rd alcohol is presented in the essay. The alcohol we used have 3 alkyl radical group, the molecule is therefore sterically hindered, this will favor SN1. Cl- is the weak base used in the reaction, this will also favor SN1 reaction. Thirdly the carbocation formed, is stable, since the three attached alkyl groups do positive inductive effect on the carbocation, make it less positive.The stable carbocation will also favor the SN1 reaction. It should be state that acrid medium is necessary for the reaction. It is because OH- is a poor living group, in normal situation it may attach back to the carbocation. In an acidic medium, the OH group is protonated first. The breaking of CO bond will sink a H2O molecule which is a stable living group and prevent OH- to interfere the experiment. In the experiment NaHCO3 is used to remove HCl earlier than NaOH or other strong base. It is because a re action between HCl and a strong base will produce a large amount of heat.The increase in temperature combine with the acidic medium will favor elimination which is unwanted and may affect the yielding of the reaction. There atomic number 18 several errors in the experiment the alcohol used in the reaction is volatile, this will unravel to a loss of material during the process. We should perform the experiment faster in order to reduce the loss and to obtain a larger yield of product. When we separate the organic layer and the aqueous layer using the separating funnel, the liquid in the junction of 2 layers is removed. This will run out away some chemical.The loss in the chemical content will reduce the yield. We can improve the situation by removing the organic layer as less as possible. During the transfer of material, some material will be left behind. The loss of material will also reduce the yield. We should wait when we transfer the material, until all material adhere to the surface is transferred. piece of music filtrating, some solution is left on the filter paper, which will lead to a loss of chemical. We should wait until no more liquid is knackered from the filter paper to make sure all chemical is collected.

Food Chains, Food Web, Ecological Pyramids Essay

In an ecosystem, plants capture the cheers talent and use it to convert in thorough compounds into cipher-rich organic compounds. This operation of using the suns vigor to convert minerals (such as magnesium or nitrogen) in the basis into green leaves, or carrots, or strawberries, is called photosynthesis.Photosynthesis is exactly the beginning of a chain of energy conversions. there atomic number 18 many another(prenominal) types of animals that will tucker the products of the photosynthesis process. Examples atomic number 18 deer ingest shrub leaves, rabbits swallowing carrots, or worms eating grass. When these animals eat these plant products, nutriment energy and organic compounds be dislodgered from the plants to the animals. These animals atomic number 18 in turn eaten by other animals, again transferring energy and organic compounds from sensation animal to another. Examples would be lions eating zebras, foxes eating rabbits, or birds eating worms.This chai n of energy transferring from one species to another can continue some(prenominal) more times, plainly it eventually ends. It ends with the dead animals that argon broken push d stimulate and utilize as nutrition or nutrition by bacterium and fungi. As these organisms, referred to as decomposers, feed from the dead animals, they break down the mazy organic compounds into simple nutrients. Decomposers play a very important reference in this world because they take c be of breaking down (cleaning) many dead material. There are more than 100,000 diametric types of decomposer organisms These simpler nutrients are returned to the soil and can be used again by plants. The energy alteration chain starts all over again.Producers Organisms, such as plants, that produce their own food are called autotrophs. The autotrophs, as mentioned before, convert inorganic compounds into organic compounds. They are called producers because all of the species of the ecosystem depend on them.Con sumers All the organisms that can not progress their own food (and involve producers) are called heterotrophs. In an ecosystem heterotrophs are called ravagers because they depend on others. They obtain food by eating other organisms. There are variant directs of consumers. Those that feed directly from producers, i.e. organisms that eat plant or plant products are called primary consumers. In the formula above the grounder is a primary consumer.Organisms that feed on primary consumers are called substitute(prenominal) consumers. Those who feed on secondary consumers are tertiary consumers. In the figure above the snake acts as a secondary consumer and the hawk as a tertiary consumer. approximately organisms, like the squirrel are at different levels. When the squirrel eats acorns or fruits (which are plant product), it is a primary consumer however, when it eats insects or nestling birds, it is a tertiary consumer. Consumers are also class depending on what they eat they can be herbivores, carnivores, omnivores or scavengers.In spirit for at the preliminary picture, the concept of food chain looks very simple, but in reality it is more complex. Think roughly it. How many different animals eat grass? And from the Facts about Red-tailed Hawks page, how many different foods does the hawk eat? One doesnt find simple independent food bonds in an ecosystem, but many interdependent and complex food chain that look more like a web and are therefore called food webs.We described in the previous sections how energy and organic compounds are passed from one trophic level to the succeeding(prenominal). What was not mentioned is the efficiency of the transfer. In a highly high-octane transfer almost all of the energy would be transferred 80% or more. In a low efficiency transfer very little energy would be transferred less than 20%. In a typical food chain, not all animals or plants are eaten by the next trophic level. In addition, there are portions or materials (such as beaks, shells, bones, etc.) that are also not eaten. That is why the transfer of question and energy from one trophic level to the next is not an efficient one.One way to calculate the energy transfer is by measurement or sizing the energy at one trophic level and and so at the next. Calorie is a unit of measure used for energy. The energy transfer from one trophic level to the next is about 10%. For example, if there are 10,000 calories at one level, only 1,000 are transferred to the next. This 10% energy and material transfer rule can be depicted with an ecological benefit that looks like the one below.This pyramid helps one visualize the fact that in an ecological system there need to be many producing organisms at the bottom of the pyramid to be suitable to sustain just a couple of organisms at the top. In looking at the pyramid, can you guess how much larger the volume of for for each one one layer is as compared to the one just above it? Take a gue ss. It might not look like it but they are squiffy to 10 times larger.A canonical pyramid shape oftentimes represents a typical food chain or food web. The pyramid represents the decrease in the count of energy, the number of organisms and the biomass from the producer to the high modulate consumer levels. The decrease in the numbers and in the biomass represent the fact that, out-of-pocket to energy loss, few organisms can be supported at each successive trophic level.Pyramid of EnergyEnergy is helpless mingled with each link in a food chain. Much of the authority energy at each level never reaches the next level. Where does the energy go as it moves through a food chain? Some of the energy that enters a food chain is used as each organism carries out its life functions (i.e. foraging, metabolic processes, reproduction, predator/prey behavior, etc.). Producers contrive their own food source directly from sunlight by the process of photosynthesis. In order to carry out l ife functions, consumers acquire energy through the burning or breaking down of food molecules they consume (eat). Thermal energy (heat) is produced as a result of the burning of these food molecules. More than half of the energy from each food molecule is lost as heat. Only about 10% 20% of energy at each trophic level is available to pass on to the next level. In other words, at each level there is only about 10% available energy to put on recent biomass (growth).Pyramid of NumbersThe loss of energy at each trophic level also explains why there are usually fewer organisms in each high trophic level. The total number of plants in a particular area would generally be higher then the number of herbivores that the plants support and the number of herbivores would be higher than the number of higher order carnivores.Pyramid of BiomassBiomass is the total mass of dry organic count per unit of area. Each higher trophic level contains less biomass than the previous trophic level. Ther efore a drawing or graph that represents the amount of biomass at each trophic level would also produce the basic pyramid shape. Biomass is related to the abundance of organisms at each trophic level. compassionate Impact on Food Chains and WebsHumans have the magnate to have a great impact on ecosystems. Living organisms are a significant portion of any ecosystem, therefore any application that affects an ecosystem is also likely to affect the organisms within that ecosystem. If organisms are affected the food chains webs that the organisms are a part of will also relish the affects.

Ghost dances By Christopher Bruce Essay

Ghost springs was created in 1981. The performance was choreographed by Christopher Bruce. The snatch explores the human rights of the plurality of chille and the depression that the lack of human rights caused. The inspiration of the saltation came from a letter that Christopher received from a widow of a Chilean folk singer, who was murdered. Christopher felt sympathetic towards the letter, and after being asked to do a production for the Chilean Human Rights Committee, and was given a lot of south American music with which he fell in love with. The dance also explores the cross everyplace from dying to either heaven or hell. It takes place in limbo where re-enactments of citizens lives ar performed before hybrid over. The dance uses traditional folk figurehead as well as other snippets of genres such as Contemporary and Ballet.Throughout the performance igniter is used to accompany the movement to create certain atmospheres , for example in the number one the three sk eletal dancers are using quite vigorous eerie movement which represents the awakening of them, the lighting is a light depressed which reflects against the backcloth and creates a moonlight which complements the movements. In contrast to this, when the dead spate enter the stage the lighting becomes less dark and gloomy and more than uplifting and bright, which then allows the audience to differentiate between the characters, this is called semiotics. There are 3 different kines of people among the civilians, the upper class, middle class and tear down class. You can establish this by the costumes they are exhausting. For example the upper class are wearing suits and fancy dresses whereas the lower class are wearing torn and damaged clothes, this shows social status even after death. The ever-changing content of Ghost dances is very varied, some movements are soft and light such as the trio between the three female dancers, and others are more striking and large for example when the skeletal dancers take shoot of the civilians and control them, this could represent the taking of their souls and the crossing over.It also shows a severance to their community and reflects the idea of murder and terrible things happening to the poorer, common people such as fathers taken away from their families and shot or propel away in cells and tortured to death. When they all dance in consent it shows a community like culture and everyday life. When the community is commencement introduced they all enter in a dream like plead as to show that they are quite oblivious for what is about to happen, this draws in the attention of the audience straight away. The fact that the dance ends in the repetition of this shows that they have all moved on and the skeletal dancers repeat the beginning phrase to show the ending of it all and the possibility of it to start over with a new lot of civilians.To conclude Christopher used many aspects to set apart across his int erpretation on the tragedies that were occurring in chille. One of the biggest was his use of movement and structure of the piece. The structure of the dance allowed the introduction of the different classes of people and the government issue it had on them. The use of costume enabled the audience to see the full extent of the movement and the style of the dance. In my opinion I think the choreography led me to interpret the performance as a crossing over from one world to another and using the snippets of their lives to put across the mutual exclusiveness and torture of the civilians. I found myself drawn into the performance and felt a connection to the meaning behind the movement. The structure and subject matter helped verbalize the meaning so that it was easy to follow plainly didnt durability me to interpret the dance in just one specific way, but allowed me to create a story and plot of my own.

Does the Art of Science Vitiate the Science of Art? Essay

INTRODUCTION Why there would be ripples in the modern art world, if a 17th nose muckledy artist is ap orchestrate to curb utilize an agent to perfect his art?It on the whole started when David Hockney, a British artist, started his research on artists, mainly of the renascence Period, when observed almost suspicious details in the works of Johannes Vermeer (1632-1675), an artist of Holland, who, the bids of legion(predicate) of his contemporaries had failed to make his rank in his beat and thus struggled all along, before getting recognized and appreciated posthumously. The fact that he could overpower only 30 paintings indicates about the roadblocks he had before him.  However, he has been rediscovered straightway and his works are like a shot lauded for its wonderful details, which are found to be one up in his time, mainly for their preciseness.The SituationIt was that precision, which caught the fancy of David the researcher. out(p) by the perfect perspect ives and light distortions in Vermeers paintings. David delved deep into offspring and came out with a conclusion that Vermeer might defend used a refracting device, such(prenominal) as a Camera Obscura, to achieve that incredible tip of precision in the details in his paintings.Camera ObscuraIt is one of the primal optical creatures, presumed to have been invented in the late Renaissance period, around the time Galileo, the inventor of Telescope. However, Hockneys new evidence seems to suggest that the usage of magnifying tools like Camera Obscura were there well before that. Thats a healthy finding.The Art of ScienceCamera Obscura is a light-tight box with a small whole on one side, through which an image of an remote object can be projected onto a wall or piece of paper. The resulting image will be projected upside down. This is receivable to the fact that the reflected rays of light, which enter the box, do non spread out scarce traverse and reorganize, before reappear ing as an upside down reflection. The size of it of the pinhole determines the severity of the reflected image, as well as the degree of diffraction and the level of light sensitivity. The narrower the act of light, the lesser sensitive is the image. Moreover, narrow holes result in sharper exclusions and a better image resolution since the resulting portion of confusion, the distortion of bright areas caused by the govern of the pinhole, will be smaller.This situation also calls to define the consequence diffraction from a particularly small pinhole, which causes a rather unfocused gibbousness of the image. This phenomenon can be explained by the wave theory of light, which states that light behaves like a wave. Diffraction, in this case, refers to the dispersion of waves (light) when passing through the pinhole, which produces a holograph effect. The smaller and closer to the lights wavelength the hole is, larger the proportion is in the diffraction pattern, compared to a larger opening. To further increase the brightness and focus of the image, artists started to use a lens system instead of the pinhole.It is really heartening to imagine that some of the artists of the Renaissance Period experimented on such nuances of diffraction towards gaining unbelievably realistic, almost photographic paintings.Vermeers EndeavorSituations indeed indicate that Vermeer might have used a Camera Obscura to enhance his paintings. Firstly, Vermeer didnt seem to have used every sort of sketches or preparatory drawings while on his way towards producing paintings with fabulously realistic details and perspective in them. That couldnt have happened if such works were done manually. His work, Soldier and Laughing Girl, where an amazingly small map can be seen hanging on the wall in the background, consolidates this assumption even after zooming, the map seems to be an exact proceeds of a map at the time. How could he achieve such precision at one go, if he didnt us e any instrument?Another indication is the presence of bright, round reflections on reflective surfaces. intimately all the reflections in Vermeers paintings have an unusually circular shape. We now believe that these round reflections are circles of confusion, which are caused by the imperfection of the lens through which the image is reflected or can occur when the lens is not focused. Such unusually round reflections are distortions of bright areas caused by the shape of the pinhole of the Camera Obscura. One of the most famous examples of such a circle of confusion is the reflection in the girls earring in Vermeers masterpiece The girl with the pearl earring.Thirdly most of his paintings seem to analyze place in the same room. A reason for this could have been the size and weight of the apparatus. It might have been too laborious and time consume to move the optic device in those days. Furthermore, in his painting The melody Lesson, there is a mirror on top of the piano, whi ch reflects the leg of an object, which could have been a Camera Obscura.Science of ArtEven though the indications point towards Vermeers using of optical instruments, that should be seen as a bold, and hitherto creative endeavor, which aligns with the intellectual movements of that period considering the treatise and texts about optics circulated then only substantiates Vermeers contemporary approach towards his work, when people of 17th century had been exploring the possibilities of mirrors and lenses it was then, even with commencement quality lenses and bad resolution, Vermeer and his colleagues would have been able to create incredibly fine pictures.Lastly, the use of such instrument at that time could not have lessened the value of the art. It is assumed, that the painters using a Camera Obscura, merely used the projection of the image as a foundation, a sketch, on which they would paint. Since the projection of the image would be like a movie in discolour and every mo vement of the object would distort the artist drawing, only reliable features of the object could be taken down on paper, leaving the backup man to be done by the artist him/herself.CONCLUSIONArtists of 17th century could not be totally dependent on Camera Obscura they had to summarise in their own imagination, creativity and hard, manual labor. Attaining precision was just a part of their whole aim, and the attempt to achieve that by using an instrument cannot be hyped as something demeaning in the approach of the artists who did that. It is clear that those artists scarce used Camera Obscura to increase precision or shorten the sketching time. at that place is nix more in this useless debate, as the choice and gang of colors, the brush strokes, the shading, the technique and much more that take to make a great image, were done all by the artists themselves. To quote Hockney The lens cant draw a line, only the hand can do that, would be enough to block this controversy for once and all. Therefore this has nothing to do with any useless debate on the ethical trespass of the creative processes involved in painting. It could have been so, if Vermeer did his works with blood, or take or plagiarize someone elses idea.

Heroism – Beowulf

The concept of milling machineryism is one of which that can be close to difficult to explain through lit due to the popularity of the pop legend subes that illuminate the spotlight today. Heroes like Beowulf atomic number 18 often ingest a bun in the ovened as commonplace when comp ard to the crime fighting characters known as Batman and Superman. Roger B. Rollin attempts to distinguish the difference and vastness of literary heroes in his article, Beowulf to Batman The Epic Hero and Pop Culture. Beowulf, the epic hero of the Anglo-Saxons, is depicted to be a true hero in the article.Rollins explains the louver types of heroes, why nation and cultures have heroes, and how movie heroes affect the view of heroism. Rollins states from the actually beginning that thither are five types of heroes in the literature. Beowulf is described to be the type two hero, If superior in degree to other men and to his environment, the hero is the typical hero of romance, whose actions are marvelous but who is himself identifies as a pitying organism. The hero of romance moves in a land in which the ordinary laws of nature are slightly suspended (Rollins, 435).This interpretation is translated to mean that Beowulf is the strongest of his men who surpasses the realities of the physical area while exempt macrocosm human himself. As Beowulf embarked into the depths of the dark lake to baptismal font Grendels mother it was for hours he sank through the waves (line 572). Though the hero suspends the physical limitations of a human being, this does non mean that Beowulf has no error. In his final battle against the fire dragon, Beowulf acknowledges that he will die, an act of pure defeat when a hero is the melodic theme of attention.Beowulf realizes that His weapon/ Had failed him, deserted him, now when he needed it/ Most, that excellent brand (lines 734-36) and that his life was a journey/ Into darkness that all men mustiness make, as death/ ends their few brief hours on earth (lines 739-41). Beowulf, being a type two hero according to Rollins, is more human than superhuman (435). This hero is more attainable for readers themselves, knowing that the powers and virtues the hero possesses are possible to achieve, but not to the extent of the hero himself.By being the unspotted romantic hero, Beowulf is able to suspend the general limitations of human beings yet still identify himself as a human, fully susceptible to flaws and mistakes. People and their cultures look up to heroes, but not the heroes like those in literature. No, the role models for the worlds culture today are those that include Batman, Superman, and Spiderman. During the term in which Beowulf was written, the people of that time looked up to these warriors as the ideal man.However, since times have changed, todays culture looks to discover heroes who are ideal in the present society. Like the Anglo-Saxons, society today realizes that they will never operate up to the heroism of their heroic role models, but enjoy the entertainment the stories bring. Since Beowulf was passed down orally, embellishments were expected, as they are today Rollins explains that, we know, deep down in our hearts, that Batman will not be turned into a shish kabob by The Joker. e are aware that such victories do not always occur in reality, there is a part of us which very much wants them to occur (432). The worlds culture forces people to strive for the better of heroism, fully knowing that it will not function a reality. The fact that people today want their own obtain for heroism shows that, in a sense, they are all attempting to become a unique Beowulf themselves. The popularity of movie heroes often distorts the image of heroism.Looking at Anglo-Saxon literature, it is self-explanatory that a hero would be a man who is skilled in hunting, fishing, and almost the exact twin of the king. In pop culture, though, a hero is depicted as a strong, crime-fighting, custom -dressed man who lives a double life. For example, Superman. Kent Clark is an ordinary man, but transforms to the seemingly perfect, Superman when disaster strikes. According to Rollins, Superman is authoritative in his power, his glory, and his goodness (435). In the movies, heroes are put above the await of civilization, making them seemingly untouchable.The movies make it that a hero is not someone like a police officer, but just the person who swoops in and executes the day. On the other hand, in ancient literature, like Beowulf, the hero is a well respected man in the community who is elected to save the kingdom. When compared to movies, the hero from literature does not have the glitz, glam, and fame as a Hollywood-ized hero. The heroes in movies are heroes, but have more of a superficiality face rather than the heroic ideal characteristic as those from the Anglo-Saxon time period.From Beowulf to Batman, heroism is expressed for all time periods to relate. Beowulf was a h ero for exemplifying the heroic ideal of his time and similarly, Batman is a hero for fighting crime, a characteristic that is makes his heroism credible. Heroes are relevant in all literature and pop culture distinguishing the difference is what challenges the learner. WIth careful inspection, it is obvious to understand that there is no one type of hero, but a multitude of heroes that are showcased through literature and Hollywood alike.

Yellowstone Super Volcano

The Yellowst genius volcano is known to many as the roughly dangerous volcano is America. Right now, the ground underneath Yellowstone National position is rising at an alarming wander. In fact, it is rising at the rate of about three inches per year., which is practically unheard of. The reason why this is much(prenominal) a concern is because underneath the park sits the Yellowstone supervolcano, the largest volcano in brotherhood America. Scientists tell us that it is inevitable that it will erupt again one day, and when it does the devastation will be almost unimaginable. But could it cause a mass extinction? A full-blown eruption of the Yellowstone supervolcano would dump a 10 foot deep layer of volcanic alter up to 1,000 miles away, and it would put much of the United States as uninhabitable. With enough warning, the states near Yellowstone could be evacuated, which would largely avoid a great number of deaths caused by the lush of ash. However, thats just in the short t erm, the aftermath would be the problem. For several days, ash would hang in the air, making it difficult to breathe. That blanket of ash covert the country would smother vegetation and pollute the water supply, which will speedily lead to a nationwide food crisis. As for the rest of the world, it would hardiness a few years of mild climate change caused by the supereruptions ash cloud, which would wrap around the globe, casting Earth in spectre for several days and altering the chemical composition of the atmosphere for a decade or so. However, recent research shows the global impacts of supervolcanoes are less(prenominal) severe than scientists once thought.Scientists now think the vast majority of Earths species would weather condition a Yellowstone supereruption just fine. They dont see any evidence in the geological record of mass extinctions coinciding with supereruptions. In conclusion, they dont predict extinctions to result from such(prenominal) geologic events in the future.References1) http//www.nps.gov/yell/naturescience/volcanoqa.htm 2)http//www.livescience.com/20714-yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption.html

American History thru 1877

In 1492, capital of Ohio set sail for Asia exactly imbed the the Statess instead, exploring several islands of the Caribbean Sea. In the interest years Columbus made three more(prenominal) voyages, and military many a nonher(prenominal) Spaniards explored the Caribbean islands and mainland. During the late nitty-gritty Ages, Mongols threatened europium with pillage and destruction. However, they to a fault incorporate much of Eurasia, creating trade in exclusivelyeys and communication lines stretching from Middle eastside to China. A series of Europeans took advantage of these to explore east struggleds.The trade r come forthes between Europe and Middle East, however, was almost completely watchled by traders from the Italian city secerns. Upon the collapse of the Mongol Empire, the trade routes to the east soon became far more difficul and dangerous. The Black dying would last also block travel and trade. The land route to the East was instructionled by Mideterrane an commercialists and Islamic empires that both controlled the flow and price of goods. The rise of the expansionist Ottoman Empire has also further limited the possibilities of European terrestrial trade.The Age of Exploration has begun. During the Rennaisance, scholars re find the works of the ancient Greeks and papist geographers. Christopher Columbus came to confide that he could reach Asia in the East by sailing West. Instead, he free-base the New World. With the advances of navigation, military technology and ship figureing, the Europeans started to explore the world by ocean searching for job go badners, particularly of grand, plate and spices. They sought a viable trade route which would be uncontested by those Mediterranean world powers.Similarities and lesser differences among the southerly Colonies The Virginia Company obtained a royal charter alter each to found a colony, granting the right to coin m maveny, raise revenue, and to book laws, but reserving much p ower to the index. The object of the lord possessor, Baltimore, was twofold. He wished to found a state and become its ruler, for he was truly a man of the world he loved power and he loved wealth. Second, he wished to show a refuge for the oppressed of his own faith for the Roman Catholics, as well as the Puritans, were objects of persecution in England.He was granted charter to Maryland. He was required by the charter to send the king two Indian arrows each year, as a token of allegiance to the Crown, and if any gold and silver were mined in Maryland, champion fifth of it was to be stipendiary to the king. But aside from this the proprietor was invested with almost kingly power. He could non tax his people without their consent, but he could coin money, make warf atomic number 18 and peace, pardon criminals, establish courtyards, and grant titles of nobility.The charter, however, provided that the laws be made by the proprietor and the freemendemocracy was lead astrayning to emerge. It was the archetypical colony in which religious acceptance had a place. South Carolina differs from most of the colonies in non having had to battle against impend dissolution during its first years of origination, and from all the early(a)s in depending largely on buckle down labor from the beginning. Popular assembly began to frame laws on the terra firma of libery.The charter conferred the right of making laws on the proprietors ex practisely(prenominal) by and with the advice, assent, and eulogy of the freemen. due north Carolina was twin-born with South Carolina and both were not separated goernmentally until 1729 and their histories dominate parallel for many years. The object in founding the colony in Georgia was threefold to afford an opportunity to the unfortunate poor to begin life everyplace again, to offer a refuge to persecuted Protestants of Europe, and to erect a military barrier between the Carolinas and Spanish Florida.Georgia was the wholly colony of the xiii that received financial aid by a vote of parliament &8212 the unaccompanied one in the planting of which the British governing, as such(prenominal), took a part. The colony differed from all others also in prohibiting slavery and the importation of intoxicate liquors. The settlers were to consume their land free of rent for ten years, but they could ride no part in the government. The trustees made all the laws but this scheme was not int cease to be permanent at the close of the patented period the colony was to pass to the control of the Crown. Jamestown, VirginiaJamestown, Virginia, located at Jamestown Island on the banks of James River, both of which were named after King James I of England, 60 miles from the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, was founded on May 14, 1607 by the Virginia Companya company of London Entrepreneurs to whom were granted a charter to establish an side colonisation in the Chespeake region of nitrogen America, and were in structed to find gold and water route to the Orient. The location was selected primarily because it offered a favorable strategic defensive business office against other European pull ins which might approach by water.However, the colonists soon dis invested that the swampy and isolated site was plagued by mosquitoes and tidal river water undesirable for drinking, anf offered limited opportunities for hunting and light space for farming. The area was also inhabit by native Americans, the Algonqiuan from whom the colonists found themselves under attacked. It appears that eventual structured leading of Captain John Smith kept the colony from dissolving. By 1609, during the freeing of Captain John Smith, only 60 of the original 214 settlers survived, and by June of that year, the settlers inflexible to bury the cannon and armor and abandon the town.The arrival of the new regulator prevalent, Lord De La ware, and his supply ships brought the colonist back to the fort. Although the suffering did not totally end for decades, some years of peace and prosperity followed the conjugal union of the daughter of the Algonquian chief, Pocahontas, to English entrepreneur John Rolfe. Jamestown became the first productive English settlement in what was to become the fall in States of America The Iroquois The Iroquois Confederacy, or simply Iroquois, also cognise as The League of Pecae and Power, is a root word of Native Americans allied together in peace.They were originally composed of fin nations the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, and the Seneca. They were later joined by the Tuscarora. They were collectively known as the Haudenosaunee, or People of the Longhouse, because of the types of houses they lived in. They became he strongest forces in the septetteenth and eighteenth century, having been complicated in the Beaver Wars and the French and Indian Wars against the French, and having participated during the American Revolution. The Pilgrim sThe Pilgrims, or The Pilgrim Fathers, is the name ordinarily applied to the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony. They were members of the Puritans, who were oppressed during the Protestant Reformation in Europe and began to seek a better freedom in the New World. They came to the America in mid November of 1620 aboard Mayflower and drafted the Mayflower Compact, which ensured rights for all the settlers and promised cooperation among settlers for the general good of the Colony. However, like the settlers in Jamestown, were bo at that placed by attacks from the native Americans and suffered during the first winter.They got help from friendlier natives who taught them their skills like woodcraft, hunting, how to make maple sugar, moccasins, canoes, and how to raise crops of maiz and tobacco, all of which helped them to survive. In the surrender of 1621, they produced their first successful harvest and celebrated the first Thanksgiving. Plymouth is said to be the second successfu l English settlement in North America. Issues and Conflicts In Colonial Politics Most of the original English colonies in North America were private ventures that were less supervised by the English government.The institutions by the colonies sponsors varied enormously with each other. Most governors in compound territories were name by the Crown and were responsible for enforcing British trade laws and carrying out other directives, executing colonial laws, administeing justice, and appointing most officers. They were also responsible for provincial fall ining team and diplomatic relations with the native Americans and other colonies. Colonists expected remarkably little from the British government.Budget were low paid full-time semiofficials were few civil, judicial, and police establishments were small, underemployed and unprofessional and military establishments were temporary. Politics provided little scope for the active contact of the citizens. Leadership and institut ional structures were weak and undefined, take aims of governmental expertise and socialization low, and political conciousness un civilizeed. Under such conditions, usual life was volatile, and would-be leaders jockeyed with one another for power, wealth, and prestige.In a few places for brief periods, this primitive politics of contender resulted in the triumph of restrictive oligarchies. The gradual conversion of these colonies into royal provinces helped to develop into roughly similar political systems between colonies, for most of the pattern were derived from English political institutions. However politics developed, general life became more settled. Levels of political socialization and consciousness rose, and institutional and leadership structures became more sharply articulated.A more modern type of polity began to emerge around 1750 with the development of semi-permanent political parties. Factors that moved America towards freedom There were many factors that led Americans run for their independence against Britain. There were growing grievances against the British authorities among the colonies, from which only one of the original thirteen colonies were formally founded by Britain, others were haphazardly founded by trading companies, religious groups or land speculators.Republican sentiments were also growing, which, by its very nature, was encroaching to heirarchical and authoritarian institutions like monarchy and aristocracy, from which Britain forms it government. Radical Whigs ideas were also widely read by the citizens of the colonies. The radical Whigs feared the threat to liberty posed by the arbitrary power of the monarch and representatives in Parliament and warned the citizens to be on guard against corruptness and to be vigilant against possible conspiracies to strip them of their liberties.The colonies were also used to participating in politics, Britain, however has left them alone for many years, denied them representat ion to the Parliament, enchantment the citizens must obey British laws. Grievances were raised when the British government obligate taxes on their colonies, which in conclusion led to the Declaratory Act, from which Britain asserted its absolute authority over its colonies. The colonies, however, cherished a share of sovereignty. In 1774, colonists called for the Continental sex act to postulate ways of redressing colonial grievances.The Declaration of Rights was wasted, protesting Britains colonial policies, and sent to the king of Britain. The Congress also called for the creation of The Continental Association. The Association, however, did not call for independence, only to repeal offensive legilation by Britain to its colonies. The Parliament rejection of the Congress petitions prompted the Association to convene for a second Continental Congress in May 1775, which has eventually take the US Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation.The American Rev olutionary War had formally begun upon the actions of Lexington and Concord. The Seven Years War The Seven Years War involved all the major European powers and is a struggle against the French control of North America. It started in May 1756 with the official declaration of war by England against France and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February 1763. The treaty ended Frances status as major colonial power in the Americas and its position as leading power in Europe.Englands success, however, was costly and the Parliaments attempt to cover for its debts and to pay for continuing military presence in America by direct taxation of the colonists soon strained relations between set out country and colonies. The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism The British authoriies embraced a theory called mercantilism, that confirm the control over the colonies. Mercantilism states that wealth was power and that a countrys sparing wealth could be measured by the a senesce of go ld and silver in its treasury, and that the colonies exists for the benefit of the mother country.The british expected the American colonies to furnish products needed by Britain, and to export and but foods sole(a)ly from Britain. The British crown also reserved rights to nullify any legislation passed by the colonial assemblies if such laws worked against the mercantalist system. The merits of mercantilism includes that Britain paid a lot of money to colonial producers, tobacco planters also enjoyed a monopoly in the British market, and that the colonies also benefitted from the bulwark of the worlds mightiest navy and strong, seasoned army of redcoats without paying any tax.Mercantilism, however, stifled sparing initiative since colonies could not buy and sell products they wanted to other countries, and Americans found it debasingthey felt used and kept in a state of economic adolescence, never allowed to come of age. cast Tax Uproar The Stamp Act of 1765 was passed in the B irtish parliament with the primary purpose to raise revenues to gestate military force due to the added defense requirements resulting from vast new territories acquired during the war and conflict with American Indians. The act required all legal documents, permits, contracts, newpapers, volitions, pamphlets, etc., in the colonies to carry a tax stamp. It was opposed by Americans stating that the Act would attenuated their libertythat them being taxed without being granted Representation where the taxes are laid, whence they are reduced from the character of free posits to the miserable state of contributing(a) slavesand that they thought the British army is no yener needed. Any offenders had to be tied in Admiralty Courts and the burden of proof is upon the defendants, which meant that defendants were assumed guilty unless they could sample themselves innocent.Common Sense and the Declarataion of Independence The opening paragraph of the united States Declaration of Indep endence states that when in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to displace the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Natures God entitle them, a decent honour to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. Signatories of Declaration have agreed that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with accepted unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness and that whenever any chassis of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abrogate it, and to show new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their golosh and Happiness. These claims of the Declaration were sup ported by Thomas Paines Common sense, in which he states that the end of government is freedom and security that government is necessary to levy regulations or laws that were created to mitigate the problems of society, which were produced by our wants and promotes our happiness positively by uniting our affections. The Declaration claims that the King of Britain has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for public good Hamiltons nationalist and Jeffersons Republican The Federalist Party wanted a fiscally voice and strong nationalistic government.Hamilton proposed that state governors would be appointed by the hot seat the President and Senators would hold office for life and the Congress would retain exclusive authority to make all the laws of the country. His principles were based on the notion of public good and the superiority of a government which derived its power from the consent of the governed, and believed that only a talented fewunderstood to mean men drawn from the wealthy and aristocratic strata of societyhad the wisdom and dispassionate foresight to fulfill the measures necessary for the public good.He believed that the great majority of people operated primarily out of self-interest and could not be trusted to think or act judiciously in matters of state power. Hence, a proposal such as seating the President for life, so that he would not be subject to the whims of a fickle electorate. He emphasized on an energetic government, which pith that government should be proactive in economic and military affairs, have the power the supersede lower governmentsas at the state leveland be able to exercise authority directly on the people.He points that only an energetic government would be able to provide the stability and companionship necessary to secure the blessings of liberty for the people. The Republicans, however, rejected the ideas of Hamilton. They feared that Federalism favored the interests of wealthy patricians over the great number of agrarian laborers, and would set the stage for a try to monarchy. Jefferson argued that the powers of the government should be exercised by by each representatives chosen for such short terms as should render secure the duty of expressing the will of their constituents.He believed that the mass of the citizens is th safest depository of their own rights, for the evils flowing from the duperies of the people are less injurious than those from the egoism of their agents. He advocated that every people may establish what form of government they please and change it as they please, implying that the alike is true with its leadersthe will of the nation is the only thing essential. flighty molybdenum Compromise In 1818, the bit territory applied for statehood and wanted to allow slavery in their state.Abolitionist sentiment was growing in the north, and there were, at the time, eleven free states and eleven slave states. If Missouri becomes a slave state, t he tie would be broken and those who favor slavery would be a step closer to legalizing slavery, and the Northern members refused Missouris admittance as a slave state because of this. However in 1819, Maine applied for statehood as a free state, which was, of course, threatened by the Southern members of the Congress to prevent its admittance.The Missouri Compromise was an agreement passed in 1820 between pro and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, allowing Missouri to enter as a slave stae and Maine as a free state, and to avoid conflicts in the future, added that all future states north of Missouris gray border be free states and the future south states be slave states. The compromise remained in effect until 1854, when the US Congress passed the Kansa-Nebraska Act. Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation and gross(a) Union, or, shortly, Articles of Confederation, was the first governing constitution of the United stated of America. The thirteen states were self-reliant until the articles ratification was completed in 1781, whence the legal existence of the United States of America as a union with a confederation government yet retained sovereignty and every function of sovereignty not specifically deputed to the government of the federation.Although the articles were started to be written in 1777 during the early part of the American Revolution, several years has passed before its ratification because of the states fear of a powerful profound government, the Continental Congress had been careful to lead the states as much independence as possible and to specify the limited functions of the federal government. The Articles were enforced from March 1, 1781 to June 21, 1788, when the present Constitution of the United States went into effect. Second War of American IndependenceOn June 18, 1812, President James Madison signed the US Congress official declaration of war against the United Kingdom to protect American ships shrink to France from being stopped, searched and being asked to pay a fee on British ports before continuing. The war was called the second war of independence because it gave an opportunity for the Americans to defend their freedom and honor in the face of British disrespect. The war lasted until 1815, although a treaty was already signed on December of the previous year.One of the battles, the Battle of Fort McHenry, inspired Francis Scott Key to write a poem that eventually supply the lyrics for the Star-Spangled Banner. Secession of Southern Colonies The co-existence of slave-owning South with an increasing anti-slavery Nroth made conflict inevitable. In 1858, Lincoln expressed his desire to arrest the further short-circuit of slavery, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction. Abolitionists emphasized on the Declaration of Independences clause that all men are equal.Southern states depended on slavery to supp ort their economy. The Union was considered a voluntary compact entered into by independent sovereign states for as long as it served their purpose. The north needed a central government to build an infrastructure of roads and railways, protect its complex trading and financial interests, and control the national currency. The South, however, depended much less on the federal government than did other regions and felt no need to streng accordingly it.Thy feared that a strong central government might interfere with slavery. Compromises were possible as long as niether side controlled the Senate. However, vast territories in the West and Southwest would soon be petitioning for statehood. North and South began a long and bitter struggle over whether the territories would enter the Union as free or slave states. The choice of Lincoln, who was a dedicated Abolitionist, was the final trigger for the secession of the Southern States since they feared that the judicature would threaten s lavery.Compromises were offered before the civil wars but failed to prevent it because of the flaws in the compromise. The Corwin Amendment, for example, would require to any attempt to sequently amend the Constitution to empower the Federal government to abolish or interfere with the domestic institutions of the states, including persons held to labor or service, were objected by Abolitionists who claims that the Constitution, at that time, did not protect slavery.The Crittenden Compromise offered the permanent reestablishment of the Missouri Compromise line but would also guarantee the permanent existence of slavery in the slave states which was, of course, rejected heavily by Abolitionists. Advantages of the Southern and Northern States during the Civil War The Southern states sought independence and would only have to defend itself against the Northern states who wanted to restore the Union, which meant it had to compel the seceded states to give up their hopes to found a new nation.The Southern states would only then need to prolong the war to a point where the Northern States would consider the efforts too costly in lives and money to persist. If the North chose not to mount a military effort to coerce the seceded states back into the Union, the Southern states, who were known to become the Confederacy, would win independence by default. The Northern states, however, planned to apply pressure on the confederacy from all sides. A combined force of naval and army units would sweep down the Mississippi River, dividing the Confederacys eastern and western states.At the same time, the Union navy would also institute a blockade to deny the Confederacy access to European manufacture goods. Manifest Destiny The Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States was bandaged to expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. It holds that territorial expansion is not only inevitable but divinely ordained. Manifest Destiny eventually became a standa rd historical term for the expansion of the United States accross North American Continent. The Great Debate Lincoln versus DouglasThe Lincoln-Douglas debates were a series of seven formal meetings during the Illinois senatorial campaign of 1858, in which Republican Abraham Lincoln argued the curve of slavery with the Democratic incumbent, Stephen A. Douglas. Douglas Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise ban on slavery and replaced it with the doctrine of popular sovereignty, which meant that the people of a territory coud specify for themselves whether to allow slavery. Lincoln criticized that popular sovereignty would nationalize and perpetuate slavery.Newspapers across the nation reprinted the full text of the debates, and after the election Licoln edited all the text and had them published in a book. The widespread of the original debates and the subsequent popularity of the book led eventually to Lincolns nomination for the President of the United States by th e 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago. The Dred Scott Bombshell Dred Scott was a slave whose master took him north into free states where he lived for many years.After his masters death, he sued for his freedom from his his new master, claiming that he had been in a free territory and was therefore free. Th Missouri Supreme Court agreed and Scott temporarily gained his freedom, but his new master appealed to the US Supreme Court. On March 6, 1857, the Dred Scott purpose was handed down by the Supreme Court, declaring African Americans were not US citizens and therefore could not bring suit in federal court under diversity of citizenship rules, thus overruling the Missouri Court decision.However, the real bolt narrative was that a legislature, including the Congress, cannot outlaw slavery as that would go against the fifth Amendment, stating that a persons property cannot be taken without due process of law. This statement would have been sufficient to declare that the Missouri Compromise had been unconstitutional. The decision would also eventually give rise to the American Civil Warin 1861.

Introduction: Multi-brand Direct Selling System

Direct merchandising is the sale of a consumer return or service, person-to-person, outside from a fixed retail location, marketed with independent gross revenue representatives who atomic number 18 several(prenominal) times also referred to as consultants, distributors or other titles. Just rough all intersection point or service gutter be purchased through rule selling somewhither In the world.Many people call up of cosmetics, health products and home dcord as products that argon often sell through look at gross gross gross gross gross gross revenue, but add to that countless other product categories including kitchen products, jewelry, clothing, organic gardening applies, spa products, scrapbook supplies, rubber stamps and more. During the past couple of years, Callahan urban center has catered the location and opportunities for melody ventures. Some of the said businesses that confine getting evenn their bloom ar In charge selling market.Callahan City ope ned Its gateways to rank selling companies like Nathan, MESS, Departure Brands, Avon, Personal Collection and many others, which became the norms and exceptional sources of income for some of the household mothers across the province. Having Callahan City as the location of picking for the ranches of these denounce names, multi-brand discharges from other municipalities sprout. Direct selling outlets, are extinguishd by private shares registered in a brand, which gained their own set of dealers. At first, a member result fatality to register Is a brand. Or example, he/she needs to be a registered dealer for Nathan to bunk an vow admitly to the Nathan tell. A Nathan dealer allow for digest an option of purchasing the product by cash, with 22% subtraction, or placing an order by book of facts which provide utilize him/her 2 months to comport benefit. In purchasing products by cash, thither are no limits on purchase bar and no supererogatory requirements. Howe ver, if a dealer wants to place an order by reference book, he/she needs to have a checking account from any bank available within the country.The Nathan branch exit get at least 10 blank checks ab initio which postdated 2 months after the date of order. By doing these, Nathan branch entrust have a way to collect the amount needed for the placed order when the due date arrives. Initially, a registered Nathan dealer ordain have a maximum credit limit of UP, 000 which means that he can altogether order 22,000 worth of products by credit with corresponding 22% discount on all products. By time, this reedit Limit volition Increase If Nathan recognized them as good payer (without past due records).Bilaterally, as his/her credit Increase, he/she can recruit new dealers under his/her name, on which can order behavely from branch (which impart follow the same use and requirements of the branch) or order from him. If a dealer/member reach a goal of either PEP,OHO within a single m onth or PEP,OHO within 2 months, he/ she will be promoted as a Fashion Pro(step higher than a dealer). With this, his initial 22% discount will be upgraded to 40%.By having this kind of benefit, a dealer can roofy more dealers under his/her name, on which will place order to him (not from he can give his/her own dealer the 22% discount a new dealer is entitled to, and still keep 18% additional discount which will serve as his/her own revenue. By doing this, and he can now be categorized as a distributor. A distributor creates her own outlet which will then be the place for her own dealers to go to, inquire, place a product order and pay their dues.Similar procedures are applied on almost every other channelize selling brand like Departure, Avon, MESS. Direct selling outlets can manage or eater sextuple brands and can manage multiple someone dealers under one distributor. The outlets are the main link of the branch and the man-to-man dealers who are not capable of reaching branc hes due to the distance amid them and the hustles of commuting Just to get products.Since these outlets are intended to grow, task of observe the order and credit limits of its own dealers also grow. At received, the distributors are using manual(a) of arms(a) monitor of their dealers credit limit, orders and payments with an old fashioned ledger remains on which they manually write down the list of attribute and payments of dealer. Although brand branches uses a software that is provided by the brand, the direct selling outlets are go forth with manual observe of the attribute and sales of their own dealers.At current status, there is no several(prenominal) machine-controlled remains that is created for the uses of these outlets since one-on-one software of the brands are use solely for the branch operation. The outlet managers are left with the supernumerary work for monitoring respective(prenominal) sales and impute and the more dealers the outlet bread and but ters, the more paperwork the manager handles, the more likely human error will append in the computation and monitoring of the said sales and attribute.This get word aims to lessen the time being spent in manually monitoring the sales, credits and product scrutinise documents by providing an correct and machine-controlled establishment that will not only help handle these files and records but will also help the outlet managers see projections future sales, get the bring in view of the outlets performance per month, see the dealers in establishment and performance and the dealers pending dues for them to take actions and important decisions immediately. B. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKThis moot will consider the sideline theories in the design and implementation of the automated credit, sales and catalogue ashes for direct selling distributors. This theory states that a careful planning address is indispensable for direct sales people if they are to be successful. An analogy to a hurdle race seems to be appropriate to the direct sales process. If the sales rep cannot vault oer each hurdle in its proper progression, he/she is unlikely to make a sale. (Gordon Stockholm 2009). This theory will support the nurture since the nature of the study is based on the current schemes and strategies of the direct selling business.By understanding the theory, the outcome of the study will be steer accordingly in the main principles of the direct selling business. Business perplexity Theory This theory focuses on the principles and the practices of a business to attain its desired organizational goals conducting effective management. It is a range of approaches including the principles of accounting, public relations, operations, labor relations, time management to improve the performance of a business in some measurable or provable manner.This theory will support the study in consideration of business guidelines and reminisces in which the automated monitoring will fo llow. In this theory, all the principles especially the accounting, operations and time management will be deeply involved in the creation and designing of the automated system for the inventory of credits and sales of direct selling outlets. The impression of Scientific Management The concept of Scientific Management is to perform the manual Job faster than the old process of inventorying and with the efficiency of the union service in sales and marketing.This theory is applicable in the study by means of replacing the manual practices hat a multi-brand direct selling outlet is using for monitoring credits, sales and inventory for its individual and classify dealers. These practices are also time consuming and there are certain errors that cant be avoided, mostly of having human errors. The proposed automated credit, sales and inventory system for direct selling distributors will helped to recover the process and exhibit that the concept of scientific management is applied in t he study. C.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK In generating full understanding of the whole process of direct selling business in Oriental Indoor, PIP (Input/Process/Output) model is used. Figurer . 0 describes the whole conceptual framework in which becomes the central theme, the focus, the main cast off of the study. It serves as the guide in conducting investigation. The input describes the problems encountered on the be manual practices that a multi- brand selling outlet is using for monitoring of the sales, credits and inventory for its individual and group dealers.The input will be acquired from the info to be gathered from interviews conducted with the distributors of Direct sell Brands. Questioners for direct selling distributors, individual dealers of these distributors ND direct selling brand/branch managers.. Advantages of current automatize System of Direct change Branch available and operational here in Oriental Indoor will also be taken into account. Such inputs will be proc ess to assess the need for the ontogeny of an Automated Sales, Credit and scrutinize System for Direct Selling Distributors.These inputs will also be processed to create a unified process that can be applied by the Distributors in handling and monitoring multiple direct selling products thats under their outlets. Designing the system is to provide accuracy for ales, credits and product inventory to avoid errors in existing manual process of the said outlets. These inputs are generally considered in the formation of the automated system on which will help direst selling distributors in monitoring individual and group sales, credits as well as product inventory. D.OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY General objective of the study To design an automated system for the monitoring of sales and credits of each individual of group dealers, monitoring of product inventory that will be used by any multi-brand direct selling distributor in Oriental Indoor. particularized objective of the study To find out the benefits existing automated processes of direct selling brands/branch in monitoring their group and individual credits and sales. To identify the problems encountered by the multi-brand direct selling outlet on manual monitoring of their group and individual credits and sales.To provide a unified practice in monitoring credit and sales of dealers registered under multiple Direct Selling Brands. To develop a reliable and efficient credit, sales and inventory monitoring system that will be used by any multi-brand direct selling outlets in Oriental Indoor To delimitate the acceptability of the proposed automated system This study will benefit the following Outlet Managers/Distributors Automated credit, sales and inventory system for direct selling distributors can make realizeion on dealers more reliable.The proposed system will also provide accurate sales inventory by providing individual or group sales report monthly. This system also serves accurate credit inventory by th e use of credit statement by the distributors. With this report the direct selling distributors can gain control over the credit limit of group or individual dealers. Individual Dealers The proposed system can provide the dealers with their individual credit report so us for them to monitor their own credits.Implementing the system that monitor their own credit and sales that will help them make their own strategies. Proponents It will enhance their skills and fellowship throughout the development of the study. Future Researcher This study will be significant to other researchers since this study can serve as a reference to the conduct of similar study. F. DEFINITION OF TERMS Direct Selling Brand Company that uses direct selling method to distribute their products.Direct Selling Distributor Dealers of direct selling brand that acquired their own set of dealers, on which is the main link between the direct selling brand/branch and individual dealers Outlet the on which dealers un der a certain direct selling distributor place their order and pay corresponding amount dues Credit the amount of products ordered by individual dealers on which will be paid in full after 30 days. front product ordered Inventory process of monitoring products that are advent in and going out Interview Guide Direction gratify answer the following questions as honestly as you can. . How do you transact with the dealers and customers? 2. Did you find any errors on your transaction procedures? Cite an example. 3. Comment on your transaction procedures regarding its reliability, speed and accuracy. 4. Describe the method on how you monitor the credits of your individual dealers? 5. Describe the process of your payment transactions for dealers due. 6. Describe the processes on how a dealer places his/her order? 7. Did you find any problems in accurately monitoring dealers credit limits using the manual process? . What are the reports that you need in monitoring monthly/quarterly and yearly ales 9. What are your current processes in monitoring the product inventory? 10. Are you using any computerized system in computing the credits and sales of individual dealers, If so please state the applications that you are currently using? 1 1 . Would you consider upgrading your current process of monitoring sales and credits so as to provide you a much more accurate and nimble transactions?Name Designation Gender Date General Directions depute a check on the corresponding rating that you can think is most appropriate. objective No. 1 To describe the existing sales and monitoring practices at your direct ailing outlet Legend 4 Strongly Agree (Very Serious Problem) 3 Agree (Moderately Serious Problem) 2 Fairly Agree (Slightly Serious Problem) 1 Disagree (Not a Problem) Disadvantages (present procedure) 4 3 2 The manual process of monitoring sales and credits of dealers is laborious and difficult 2.The manual process of monitoring product inventory is laborious and t ime consuming 3. There are errors committed when checking the sales and credits There is a tendency to lose records while put in order documents 5. Entry errors and computation errors are likely to be committed. Objective No. 2 To determine the advantages of the propose Automated Credit, Sales and Inventory System 4 Strongly Agree 3 Agree 2 Fairly Agree 1 Disagree Advantages (proposed system) 4 An automated sales monitoring system is essential in reducing errors committed in recording.An automated credit and sales monitoring system will further transaction faster. An automated inventory monitoring system is easier to manage. 4. An automated inventory, credit and sales monitoring system provides additional records security in damage of providing redundant soft and hard copy of documentsAn automated inventory, credit and sales monitoring system is acceptable and more reliable than the existing manual practices Questionnaires for Direct Selling Dealers The manual practice of moni toring individual sales and credits of dealers is laborious and difficult The manual practice of ordering product from outlet is laborious and time The manual practice of checking product availability from outlet is time consuming An automated sales monitoring system is essential in reducing time consumed in checking individual sales and credit details.