Philosophy of Love and Sex

philosophical system of Love and SexPhilosophy of Love and SexThis paper is concerned with discussing the concept of benignant sex activity as it pertains to polyamory. In their expression Polyamory-what it is and what it isnt, authors McCullough and H e genuinely(prenominal) discuss the liberating experience that scrams with the life-style of polyamory as well as dispelling negative uninformed conclusions that atomic number 18 non a definition of polyamory. The article examines the inept description of the negative stamp of the practice and makes a compelling argument of the practice promoting acceptance preferably than rejection. McCullough and foyers review on polyamory sheds light sheds light on the discourse and practice of polymory as loving to a greater extent than wizard somebody at heart the realms of integrity and h acesty. It is the model of having multiple committed kinds with more than one person at a age with consent to knowledge with all the parties inv olved. Presently, other family blood alternatives i.e. polyamory argon slowly gaining a modicum of acceptance because of born(p) covering assumptions that hurt diminished the sanctity of monandrous unions. Despite this app atomic number 18nt crisis within our society, most people thirst monogamy and bring to be monogamous for the purpose of deepening of attach into a lifelong commitment. The longer you amaze transmission line and grow with an singular in a committed kindred, the longer and stronger the tie up. The view of how natural, innate and viable polyamory is assumed to be, is debatable. Furthermore, the exponentially thickening structure of a polyamorous union makes for a much more complicated relationship than monogamy. In relation to other forms of relationships, monogamy is currently the only acceptable, valid and extremely recognized structure of compassionate internal relationships. Most peoples beliefs atomic number 18 a hodgepodge of various philos ophies and practices that they open up to have worked for them. In this paper, I argue against polyamorous relationships as a rationalized model of tender versed activity that adds a dimension of complexity to the dynamics of a relationship.The authors in their article present an argument for polyamory being a celebration of the human record to want to extol intimacy through physical and emotional stick without restriction in the unnatural social system of confining oneself to a relationship with just one partner. Polyamorous relationships argon thought to be natural and are supposedly found throughout the universe. However, natural does not pauperizationfully translate to better or superior. Polyamory is an individuals expression of the resource to not stay monogamous, rather than a natural instinct. Generalizations perpetuated about monogamy as being unnatural and against our human character are imprecise. wage increase above nature is not synonymous with shaming indi vidualised preference. Imposed personal preferences in favour of polyamory being more inc boundaryd with our human nature has deemed monogamy unnatural and insurmountable, when the choice to practice either or is very a matter of preference. Furthermore, the authors assert that the western stereotype of monogamy symbolizes jumpment, which is against our human nature. The authors challenge monogamy and demonstrate that this constructed image of the West serves to restrict and confine individuals into a relationship that is not necessarily the most ideal, mete outn distinguish such as high divorce rates. The evidence given by the authors to support polyamory emphasize the nature of this practice that is not only found in humans, but in 95% of other species as well. However, animals do not possess a conscience like human beings do. Their former for being polyamorous is an instinct necessary for bonding and survival. Despite how natural to valet de chambre polyamory qualification seem, it is a lifestyle prone to problematic complications. It is my contention that when distinguish is divided and scattered even with the best of intentions, there is bound to be a cost and a loss. As far as the human race goes, most individuals have the preference of being the sole crown jewel in their partners eyes, the being the only counsel of their lovers attention. Completely free and unbridled love tin throw out be dangerous, indecent and even irresponsible. We send wordnot allow ourselves to love frivolously, in whatever way that feels good, without any thought to the consequences that may be dismal. A relationship is much more fulfilling when you find one person whom you can give your full being and attention to. The true test of commitment is when you require to dedicate your attention to one person in multiple ways, sort of of availing yourself to multiple people. The human race is not pumped up(p) to be course secure. We possess traits that make us egoti stically insecure. To a certain extent, we are a species that exhibit a degree of possessiveness and jealousy. We are not wired to consent to sharing especially when it pertains to the object of our adhesion. By virtue of these traits, it is not in our nature to be polyamorous.When examining the level at which one can be open in a relationship in polyamory, we need to truthfully expound on the level at which an individual can be realistically be an open book to their partners specifically pertaining to sexual intimacy. Intimacy is a powerful thing when packetd between 2 individuals and can create feelings of jealousy and in security measures when shared with more than 2. possibly the notion of no jealousy in polyamorous relationship is a forcefully learned comportment under the guise of being secure and across-the-board. go for and completely open lines of communication may be compromised in this union, resulting in competitiveness and difficulty in communication, for fear of hurting your partners with absolute honesty. It may lead to internal conflict of how much honesty can be handled versus sparing your partners feelings. According to the National Coalition for Sexual Freedom, there are some strains that accompany the keeping of so large and important a secret. There is the fear of being discovered and shunned by people who major power disapprove. There is the stress that comes along with the wishing of recognition of ones partners for example, the partner who is not invited to family gatherings and office parties may feel excluded and devalued. If the polyamorous individual has children who are not aware of the arrangement, there is the need to arrange a time and place to meet in private, rather than in the comfort of ones home (NCSF, 2010).Polyamorous relationships take an infinite variety of configurations connected unitedly for various purposes. The constellation of relationships in a polyamorous arrangement creates the complication of not ha ving a mutual boundary. It takes a stack of time and energy to chance on an agreement on what boundaries are agreeable for the relationship. It requires constant negotiation and communication. cosmos able to be integrated into the flow of constant love and attention may be satisfying but can also be deeply frustrating. This brings up the question of authenticity in polyamorous unions. A material relationship should have the look and feel of substantialness, security, and safety. Monogamy offers a moxie of permanence in this regard. The security of knowing that the object of your affection willing not be tempted and swayed by someone who can offer something unlike and new is an added advantage to monogamy. If we do not pathologize and make this notion of security wrong with respect to monogamy, we can appreciate the ingredients that feed this adept of security. law telling, reliability and disclosure in monogamy contribute to true solidity and security. The antecedent to the problem of defining polyamory is the lack of proper definition in these arrangements. In my opinion, it is essentially no assorted than dating. The pattern in polyamorous relationships is quintessential to the monogamous tradition of dating before finally settling on one partner whom we make a commitment to. Therefore, a polyamorous relationship does not promote longevity and commitment, it is essentially long bourn dating. I believe those who choose to engage in a polyamorous relationship are optimistic that eventually they may perhaps form a bond that might lead to exclusivity. This was evident in former polyamorist and author Jessica. On the other hand, sometimes I wonder if maybe I wasnt waiting for that very thing. Not consciously. I was very clever with my partners, and hadnt really thought about giving them up, but I did have a certain desire for a deeper connection, which might have pose the seed in my mind. I think poly might have been a phase for me. Maybe all I can r eally take away from my experience is that you just never know whats firing to stumble into your life and change it completely. I never expected to conk this conventional, but I also never expected to be this happy (Ebacher 2014). Being monogamous is being involved. Being polyamorous is synonymous with long term courting. The authors mention in their article the Cultures of multiple fathers study which revealed that the children of women who had sexual relationships with many men had better survival rates because of potential paternity, they were less open (Hall, McCullough 2003). Although the paternity ensures less vulnerability and more survival rates, the down get back is the lack of stability and continuity in having to keep up with the different or new partners during the course of a polyamorous relationship. More people implies more caretakers for the children, however, the caretakers do not necessarily have to comprise of individuals intertwined in a complex and convolut ed union of polyamory.A healthy dose of jealousy and vulnerability are necessary in any relationship. The essence of being threatened is real courage. You have to risk projected rejection every step of the way. This is a vital part of a relationship that lacks in polyamorous unions and is present in monogamy. Granted, the people we are in a relationship(s) with are more tolerant of us than we are.People in a poly union may scratch project you but its the projected rejection that is internalized. When we internalize rejection, fear comes in. We obliterate more and sensor more, to protect ourselves. We then tip toe nigh so many issues to avoid rocking the boat. The impact is impoverished lives and relationships. It takes a lot of self-knowledge and insight to look reflect on the things that make you jealous. Without vulnerability, there is no intimacy. A monogamous relationship recognizes healthy jealousy as a tool that promotes open and honest communication which facilitates grow th in the relationship.McCullough and Hall in their article contend the notion that monogamy stipulates polyamory is unnatural and sinful. Polyamory is unnatural because monogamy is the only valid and highly recognized structure of human sexual relationships it is sinful because it is a moral state not sanction by God and stigmatized by society. Lack of recognition is partly collect to polyamory not having the benefit of appropriate scripts to turn to for details on how to by rights interact within this lifestyle, resulting in role conflict. Nature has naturally predispose rational human beings to want to develop continuing and enduring scoop shovel sexual relationships in the form of spousals for the purpose of sexual bonding and reproductive succeeder. The moral argument against polyamory is that sexual intimacy should be dumb for those in a committed long term relationship (i.e. marriage) and the notion that is it acceptable to share intimacy with more than one person fall outside the confines of a marriage, and thus qualify as abominable (adultery). Polyamory is a static state that removes the old label of traditional relationship values and encourages evolution that is much more about being silver and open and exploring what is potential outside the realms of monogamy. This threatens to destroy the domestic and traditional structure. We are designed for pair bonding when it relates to intimacy, and to achieve a deep, meaningful relationship, confederation is critical. The union of a man and woman allows for a greater sense of intimacy that is shared when a covenant is made between two individuals only. Author Vincent Punzo in his work on morality and human sexuality stated that a man and woman engaging in sexual intercourse have united themselves as intimately and as only as physically possible for two human beings. Their union is not simple a union of organs, but is as intimate as total a physical union of two selves as is possible o achieveme nt. A total commitment to other factor a commitment to him in his historic existence. Such a commitment is not simply a matter of words or feelings, however strong. It involves a full existential sharing on the part of two beings of the burdens, opportunities, and challenges of their historical existence (Punzo, 2002). It is taking responsibility and choosing to be accountable to one another for the duration of your existence together. According to David Hume, there must be a union of male and female for the education of the young, and that this union must be of enormous duration (Hume, 2009). Monogamy offers an ideal relationship model that is of considerable duration with a lower turnover rate of partners, which gives an example to children of the benefits and success of monogamy. There are not many relationship models for polyamory as compared to monogamy. The confession of high divorce rates in comparison to monogamy gives the low that polyamory is without its limitation. P olyamory, just like any other relationship has its own share of relationship issues irregardless of whether this type of union is solidified in marriage. It is fire to note that polyamory liberates and encourages freedom to express and experience love without the confines of marriage or commitment to just one person. It should also be notable that monogamy offers the same freedom of experiencing love in a coterie of ways, with just one partner. McCullough and Hall r apiece the conclusion that we ought to consider the pleasure of our partner before our own by allowing someone else to fulfill their needs, not as a symbol of our inadequacy, but as a means to share in the responsibilities of ensuring the happiness of those we love. It should also be obvious that the very qualities which attracted you to your partners are seen as desirable by someone else then it should come as no surprise when someone else seeks the attention of your partner. If we adopt this line of thinking, we a re accepting the notion of infinitely pursuing every individual we will ever find attractive. Given this thought process, it is important to note that loss leader to another individual other than our only object of affection in monogamy is inevitable. Nonetheless, we are very capable of curbing our desire to want to pursue the object of our attraction romantically. You can place an innumerous and inestimable value on the person your share an exclusive relationship with, by respectfully honouring them and exercising moral virtue.In conclusion, we can choose to transcend the hypothetical idea that we are naturally inclined to be polyamorous and have multiple relationships. We have a conscience, something animals do not possess, therefore this comparison is invalid. Conscience could never evolve because it is not genetic. We have the cleverness to control our impulses by not acting on them, as it relates to attraction to other people. The richness of a relationship gets diminished w hen we include more than two people in a union. Faith and trust in a monogamous relationship means that you will respect each other in this sacred union despite what attraction you might feel for someone else. It is very possible to curb our appetite for varicose food to prevent obesity and promote healthy eating habits. By the same token, we are able to resist the urge to want to be with other people simply because we find them attractive. Monogamy has a good health to it that enhances life expectancy and happiness. It has to be maintained and constantly developed to enjoy the benefits of longevity and healthy lives for those involved. When you minimize it, you lessen its value and decrease the likelihood of all potential gain that comes with it. We live in a different time where several factors have unhinged us from the somewhat misacted evolutionary biology that stipulates we are a non-monogamous species.ReferencesHume, D. (2009, January 1). A Treatise on Human Nature.. Retriev ed July 26, 2014, fromhttps//reserve.library.ryerson.ca/ares/ares.dll?SessionID=V091458693AAction=10Type=10Value=96979It happened to me I quit polyamory because I fell in love with a man. . (2014, April 21)..Retrieved , from http//www.xojane.com/it-happened-to-me/it-happened-to-me-i-quit-polyamory-because-i-fell-in-love-with-a-manMcCullough, D., Hall, D. Polyamory What it is and what it isnt. .Electronic daybook ofHuman Sexuality,6. Retrieved July 9, 2014, from http//ejhs.org/volume6/polyamory.htmPunzo, V. (2002, January 1). Ethics in Practice.. Retrieved January 1, 2014, fromhttps//reserve.library.ryerson.ca/ares/ares.dll?SessionID=V091458693AAction=10Type=10Value=96985Weitzman, G., Davidson, J., Philips, R. (2010, January 1). What Psychology ProfessionalsShould Know About Polyamory.. Retrieved , from http//instituteforsexuality.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/What-therapists-should-know-about-Polyamory-1.pdf

Sources Of Finance For Kfc Finance Essay

Sources Of Finance For Kfc Finance EssayKFC began with Col unriv all in alledl Har polish Sanders. He discovered his penchant for training when he was only 9 socio-economic classs old. Through the long time he grew up to become a personage the world knows as Col peerlessl Sanders, crack up of KFC.He reached celebrity status in 1952, when he decided to exemption his famous Kentucky Fried Chicken recipe blends of 11 herbs and spices to the rest of America. By the early 70s, that special recipe reached Malaysia.KFC Holdings owns approximately 27 Kedai Ayamas and 4 Ayamas Depots, make them the nations first branded chicken and chicken-based retain chain. KFC Holdings operates the KFC chain of restaurants in Malaysian, groovy of Singapore and Brunei (523 restaurants) and the Rasamas chain of restaurants in Malaysia (about 37 outlets).Sources of invent argon where pay comes from. in that respect atomic number 18 trey kinds of sources which be Bank loans, Owners ( ap put) hood letter and Trade doctrine .Finance is money which is a scarce resource. To obtain it, a art has to compete for it. Individuals, the government and other businesses all seek money to finance their needs. Those with money to lend go away lend it provided the rate of redeem (interest), the take a chance and flexibility (how quickly the money dirty dog be repossessed) argon legitimate with their expectations.The word lend of tenner implies to utterly-run the word invest implies to big- line. Individuals or organisations that lend money, expect to get their money binding, with a fixed yearbook return in a comparatively short prison bound. Those who invest in a partnership become part-owners mete out holders. They expect regular lettuce of cash dividends (whose size varies with the companys success) plus an increase in the comfort of their shares.A major source of finance for many businesses is the contain earn from gross sales to customers. A business just sta rting up or one expanding rapidly has to raise its finance from other sources. on that point are three kind of finance question which relates the finance which the management should consider.Duration for how long is the finance required?Cost which source of finance is the least high-ticket(pre tokenish)?repayment what level is acceptableDurationDuration depends on the intellectual the money is needed. No-one would take out a 25 year mortgage to finance the leveraging of a personal HiFi. Few people would upright a ho rehearse with a bank overdraft. straines put one across the same principles of duplicate the purpose of finance with the source of finance. This makes sense all round. For the business it ensures that finance is guaranteed as long as it is needed.For the investor it ensures that adequate security is available for the sequence of the loan as in the case of a 20 year loan secured against a property that will continue to baffle respect for all the 20 years.Cost In general, businesses look for the cheapest source of finance. The easiest direction to compare the cost of finance is to express the annual payment to lenders/investors as a percentage of the amount of finance provided. Interest on a loan sess be expressed in percentage terms. So can the rate of return to shareholders.Return on investment in shares = Dividend per share, share charge change since the start of yearThe rate of return expected by shareholders becomes the cost to the business of using this form of finance.repaymentA business should non get into a position where all of its sugars are being swallowed up in interest payments. There is a real danger of borrowing too much. The same applies to individuals. fictional char bearer of sources of financegovernment bribeloan hackneyedleasingventure majusculehire purchase customary shareswarrantretailed earningborrowingsOrdinary SharesOrdinary shares to a fault known as ballpark post or voting share is a share of stock gi ving stockholders the right to vote no matters of corporate policy and the composition of the members of the board of directors.Ordinary shares are resultant roled to the owners of a company. They have a nominal or face value, typically of RM1 or 50 cents. The market value of a quoted companys shares bears no relationship to their nominal value, except that when ordinary shares are issued for cash, the issue price must be equal to or be more than the nominal value of the shares. mouthful Shares taste sensation shares, to a fault called preferred stock or preferred shares, is typically a higher ranking stock than common stock, and its terms are negotiated between the pot and the investor. Preference shares usually carries no voting rights, exactly whitethorn carry priority over common stock in the payment of dividends and upon liquidatePreference shares may carry a dividend that is gainful out prior to any dividends being paid to common stock holders. Preference shares may have a convertibility feature into common stock. Preference stockholders will be paid out in assets before common stockholders and after debt holders in bankruptcy. Terms of the preferred stock are express in a Certificate of Designation.From the companys point of view, preference shares are profitable in that Dividends do not have to be paid in a year in which profits are poor, while this is not the case with interest payments on long term debt (loans or debentures). Since they do not carry voting rights, preference shares avoid diluting the control of be shareholders while an issue of fairness shares would not. The issue of preference shares does not spring the companys borrowing power, at least in the sense that preference share capital is not secured against assets in the business.Loan StockCommon or preferred stock shares that are used as collateral to secure a loan from another party.The loan will earn a fixed interest rate, much like a standard loan, and can be secured or unsec ured.A secured loan stock may also be called a convertible loan stock if the loan stock can be directly converted to common shares under undertake conditions and with a pre-determined conversion rate, as with an irredeemable convertible unsecured loan stock (ICULS).Retained EarningsRetained earnings refer to the portion of terminal income which is bear by the corporation rather than distributed to its owners as dividends. Similarly, if the corporation makes a loss, then that loss is carry and called variously retained losses, hoard losses or salt away deficit. Retained earnings and losses are cumulative from year to year with losses offsetting earnings.Retained earnings are reported in the shareholders faithfulness section of the balance sheet. Companies with pass accumulated losses may refer to negative shareholders equity as a shareholders deficit. A complete report of the retained earnings or retained losses is presented in the contestation of retained earnings or State ment of retained losses.The major reasons for using retained earnings to finance sunrise(prenominal) investments, rather than to pay higher dividends and then raise unexampled equity for the new investments, are as followsa) The management of many companies believes that retained earnings are silver which do not cost anything, although this is not full-strength. However, it is true that the use of retained earnings as a source of funds does not lead to a payment of cash.b) The dividend policy of the company is in practice determined by the directors. From their standpoint, retained earnings are an mesmeric source of finance because investment projects can be undertaken without involving either the shareholders or any outsiders.c) The use of retained earnings as opposed to new shares or debentures avoids issue costs.d) The use of retained earnings avoids the possibility of a change in control resulting from an issue of new shares.BorrowingsReceiving something of value in exchang e for an obligation to pay back something of usually greater value at a particular time in the future. Borrowings are change integrity into three terms.Short term lending may be in the form ofa) An overdraft, which a company should keep within a as genuine set by the bank. Interest is charged (at a multivariate rate) on the amount by which the company is overdrawn from day to dayb) A short-term loan, for up to three years.Medium-term loans are loans for a fulfilment of from three to ten years. The rate of interest charged on medium-term bank lending to greathearted companies will be a set margin, with the size of the margin depending on the credit standing and riskiness of the borrower. A loan may have a fixed rate of interest or a variable interest rate, so that the rate of interest charged will be adjusted every three, six, nine or twelve months in delimit with recent movements in the Base Lending Rate. acheer-term bank loans will sometimes be available, usually for the purc hase of property, where the loan takes the form of a mortgage.LeasingLeasing is a process by which a firm can obtain the use of a certain fixed assets for which it must pay a serial of contractual, periodic, tax deductible payments. The lessee is the receiver of the services or the assets under the look at contract and the lessor is the owner of the assets. The relationship between the tenant and the set ashorelord is called a tenancy, and can be for a fixed or an indefinite period of time (called the term of the claim). The consideration for the lease is called rent. There are two basic forms of lease operating leases and finance leases.Operating leasesOperating leases are term of a contract agreements between the lessor and the lessee wherebya) The lessor supplies the equipment to the lesseeb) The lessor is responsible for servicing and maintaining the leased equipmentFinance leasesFinance leases are lease agreements between the user of the leased asset (the lessee) and a su pplier of finance (the lessor) for most, or all, of the assets expected useful life.Suppose that a company decides to obtain a company car and finance the acquisition by means of a finance lease. A car dealer will supply the car. A finance house will agree to act as lessor in a finance leasing arrangement, and so will purchase the car from the dealer and lease it to the company. The company will take self-possession of the car from the car dealer, and make regular payments (monthly, quarterly, six monthly or annually) to the finance house under the terms of the lease. take aim PurchaseHire purchase is the legal term for a contract developed in the United Kingdom. It is also called closed-end leasing. In cases where a buyer cannot afford to pay the asked price for an item of property as a lump agree but can afford to pay a percentage as a deposit, a hire-purchase contract allows the buyer to hire the goods for a monthly rent. When a sum equal to the original full price plus interes t has been paid in equal installments, the buyer may then exercise an option to buy the goods at a preset price (usually a nominal sum) or return the goods to the owner game Capital imperil capital (also known as VC or Venture) is a type of private equity capital typically provided for early-stage, high-potential, growth companies in the interest of generating a return through an pillow slipual realization event such as an IPO or trade sale of the company. Venture capital investments are generally made as cash in exchange for shares in the invested company. It is typical for venture capital investors to identify and back companies in high technology industries such as biotechnology and ICT (information and intercourse technologyFranchisingFranchising is a method of expanding business on less capital than would otherwise be needed. For suitable businesses, it is an alternative to raising extra capital for growth. Franchisors include Budget Rent-a-Car, Wimpy, Nandos Chicken and Chic ken InnOther affirmable alternatives can be used by KFCHKFC Holdings have been running their exertion with all the types of source of finance as stated above. In narrate to further enhance themselves as well improving their investors relations, they can apply other kind of source to run their businessKFC has not issue warrants throughout the financial year. Warrants are, in effect, options granted by the business that lenify the holder to subscribe for a specified quantity of ordinary shares, for a specified price at, or after, a specified time- usually some(prenominal) years next their issue. The business would usually issue the warrants in one of two ways, that is to sell them, in which case it would derive a cash inflow, or attach them to a loan stock issue as a sweetener or incentive to investors to take up the loan stock.Apart from that, KFC can even issue Employees Share Option shunning at various options. An employee share scheme is one way to adjudge employees a stak e in your business and helpimprove its performance. As employees normally have to remain with the business to get this benefit, share schemes win loyalty and can help you retain valued staff. They act as an incentive or reward and may also help recruitment. (Extracted from Business Link, http//www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/layer?topicId=1074472937)In fact, KFC could even use hire purchase to source their finance. Hire purchase is referred to sales promotion device that creates customers purchasing power in the form of a fixed cost, fixed period installment loan, secured by a lien on the purchased item as the collateral. In case of capital equipment, the customer repays the loan from the earnings generated by the purchased asset (which otherwise would have remained unsold due to the customers lack of cash).During the repayment period the buyer has the possession and use but not the willpower (title) to the item. Only upon the full payment of the loan, the title passes to th e buyer. Also called installment buying, it is a social innovation that expands the economy with additional income.(Extracted from Business Dictionary.com,http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/hire-purchase.html) adjunctShare capitalFrom the financial statement for the year 2008, KFC holdings issued 1,000,0000 new ordinary shares valued RM1.00 each for the year 2008 and 2007. . However, only 198,275 shares at RM 1.00 each was issued and richly paid.SHARE CAPITALNumber of OrdinaryShares of RM1 each Amount2008 2007 2008 2007 2008 2007000 000 RM000 RM000 classicAt 1 January/ 31 December 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000Issued and fully paidAt 1 January/ 31 December 198,275 198,275 198,275 198,275Retained EarningsThe percentage of net earnings not paid outas dividends, but retained by the company to be reinvested in its core business or to pay debt. It is recorded under shareholders equity on the balance sheet.The radiation diagram calculates retained earnings by adding ne t income to (or subtracting any net losses from) beginning retained earnings and subtracting any dividends paid to shareholdersKFC Holdings recorded RM 316,703,000 of retained earnings in year 2008 compared to RM 257,611,000 in year 2007 for company. This shows that KFC retained their net earnings higher in year 2008 so that they can reinvest in its core business to pay its debt.BorrowingsBorrowings are classified under short term borrowings and long term borrowings. KFC Holdings borrowed RM 20,000,000 in year 2008 while at that place were no borrowings for the year 2007 under company.On the other hand, KFCs long term borrowings amounted to RM 40,000,000 in year 2008 compared to RM 60,000,000 in year 2007. The total borrowings for the two years were RM 60,000,000 respectively. (Refer note 26)The term loans granted to the Company are secured by the followingi First and third party charge over certain land and buildings as disclosed in logical argument 12(b) and musical note 15ii De posits pledged with licensed banks as disclosed in Note 18iii Corporate guarantee of the Company and a related to companyiv Debenture of a subsidiarys assetsCompany2008 2007RM000 RM000Short term borrowingsSecuredTerm loans 20,000 unlockedTerm loans 20,000 Long term borrowingsSecuredTerm loans 40,000 60,000UnsecuredTerm loans 40,000 60,000 fundamental borrowingsSecuredTerm loans 60,000 60,000UnsecuredTerm loans 60,000 60,000LeasingKFCs leasing is analysed as long term leasehold land and short term leasehold land. The groups long term leasehold land notched RM 63,733,000 in 2008 compared to RM 63,868,000 in 2007. However, their short term leasehold land was RM 68,000 in 2008 while in year 2007, it was RM 73,000. Overall, their total leasing was RM 63,841,000 and RM 63,941,000 for the two years respectively.Leasehold land with an aggregate carrying value of RM30, 434,000 (2007 RM30, 822,000) are pledged as securities for borrowings.Group2008 2007RM000 RM000At 1 January 63,941 62,6 87Addition 1,830Disposal (106)Acquisition of a subsidiary 722 Reclassification from property, plant and equipment 333Amortisation for the year (822) (803)At 31 December 63,841 63,941Analysed asLong term leasehold land 63,773 63,868Short term leasehold land 68 7363,841 63,941INCOME STATEMENTSFOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2008Group CompanyNote 2008 2007 2008 2007RM000 RM000 RM000 RM000Revenue 3 2,179,788 1,730,371 97,220 88,000Cost of sales 4 (1,064,548) (770,048) Gross profit 1,115,240 960,323 97,220 88,000Other income 22,615 22,797 30,210 26,972Administrative expenses (118,670) (109,061) (28,757) (22,713)Selling and marketing expenses (837,547) (712,109) Other expenses (6,622) (24) (2,310) (26,229)Operating profit 175,016 161,926 96,363 66,030Finance costs 5 (7,559) (11,302) (2,887) (5,823)Profit before tax 6 167,457 150,624 93,476 60,207Income tax expense 9 (47,107) (45,081) (9,522) (23,437)Profit for the year 120,350 105,543 83,954 36,770Attributable to comeliness holders of the Company 118,535 1 04,269Minority interests 1,815 1,274120,350 105,543Earnings per share attributableto equity holders of the Company (sen)Basic, for profit for the year 10 59.8 52.6BALANCE SHEETSAS AT 31 DECEMBER 2008Group CompanyNote 2008 2007 2008 2007RM000 RM000 RM000 RM000AssetsNon-current assetsProperty, plant and equipment 12 615,059 529,658 19,750 19,908Investments in subsidiaries 13 354,250 353,590Investment properties 14 898 2,000 585Prepaid land lease payments 15 63,84 1 63,941 Intangible assets 16 69,835 68,063 Other investment 17 4,500 Fixed deposits 18 6,324 6,324749,633 674,486 374,000 380,407Current assetsInventories 19 158,474 112,312 Trade and other receivables 20 128,112 78,972 222,742 156,642Other investment 17 20,203 Cash and bank balances 21 97,985 140,358 6,797 11,826404,774 331,642 229,539 168,468 perfect assets 1,154,407 1,006,128 603,539 548,875Equity and liabilitiesEquity attributable to equityholders of the companyShare capital 22 198,27 5 198,275 198,275 198,275Other reserves 23 47,705 50,963 22,080 26,560Retained earnings 24 446,178 352,783 316,703 257,611692,158 602,021 537,058 482,446Minority interests 10,232 6,920 Total equity 702,390 608,941 537,058 482,446Non-current liabilitiesRetirement benefit obligations 25 3,313 3,758 Borrowings 26 65,944 110,907 40,000 60,000Deferred tax liabilities 27 31,602 25,036 107 444100,859 139,701 40,107 60,444Current liabilitiesRetirement benefit obligations 25 623 Borrowings 26 75,111 12,080 20,000 Trade and other payables 28 275,424 242,110 6,374 5,985Current tax payable 3,296 351,158 257,486 26,374 5,985Total liabilities 452,017 397,187 66,481 66,429Total equity and liabilities 1,154,407 1,006,128 603,539 548,875

Pathologies of Paranasal Sinuses on MDCT

Pathologies of para cadaverous Sinuses on MDCTMATERIAL AND METHODSThe think over was conducted at the Department of Radio-diagnosis and Imaging in collaboration with the Department of ENT, Department of Pathology, and Department of Microbiology, Batra Hospital and Medical question Centre.STUDY DESIGNObservational sphere.CT PNS of the patients was evaluated for the cause of sinus complaints. Causes deduced from CT PNS were correlated with clinical/histo unsoundnessd/surgical/ microbiological findings.STATISTICAL METHODSSensitivity, specificity, dogmatic predictive jimmy and negative predictive entertain were calculated, fol pocket-sizeded by use of Fischer Exact test.The seek hypothesis and statistical methods were formed in consultation with the Biostatistician.SAMPLE coat (Annexure 6) degree Celsius patients referred for evaluation of sinus complaints were enrolled in the study by and by fulfilling the comprehension and exclusion criteria and taking written/verbal inform ed consent, over a period of July 2013 to April 2015.INCLUSION CRITERIAPatients with complaints like headache/nasal obstruction/ fountain/hyposmia /swelling over cheek and with clinically suspected paranasal sinuses lesions referred for MDCT PNS evaluation. expulsion CRITERIAAcute sinonasal inflammatory disease.Previous evidence of sinonasal surgery. every(prenominal) cases of trauma.ETHICAL ISSUESThe study was conducted after necessary approval from the Institutional review board and morality committee. MDCT is a non-invasive modality. All safety and screening measures were undertaken as per the Ameri usher out College of radiology practice guidelines for performing Computed Tomography.INSTRUMENTATIONLight VCT 64 slice MDCT of GE radical system with advanced workstation 4.3 GE.Protocol followed for MDCT PNS1. Scout LateralkV 120mA 10Scout Plane 9002. Axial Im epochskV 120mA 120Start/End 0 to 74.3 gibe Exposure Time 5.4 secGantry tilt 0musical interval 0.625 mmSlice thi ckness 0.625 mmHelical Scan rotation Time 0.6 secRotation Length FullPitch and secureness 0.5311 10.62 mm/rotationDetector Coverage 20 mmSUMMARYThe present study was conducted in Department of Radiodiagnosis, Batra hospital and medical exam research centre, New Delhi in close association with the department of ENT from July 2013 to April 2015.The aims and objectives of our study were to characterize pathologies of paranasal sinuses on MDCT, to delineate their anatomical reference location, point of reference and squandered involvement and to correlate the multi sensor computed tomography findings with clinical/surgical/histopathological/ microbiological findings.A total of ampere-second patients who came with complaints referring to nose and paranasal sinuses were included in the study. All patients were subjected to MDCT PNS after detailed clinical examination. The imaging findings are correlated with early(a) investigations.Key imaging features considered were signifi cant anatomical variations, site of involvement, purposeless and delicate tissue changes, invasion of surrounding structures, pathognomic features and correlation with clinical complaints/surgical/pathological/microbiological findings.Among 100 patients in our study, there were 15 patients in 0 20 age age group, 36 patients in 21 40 years age group, 37 in 41 60 years age group and 12 were greater than 60 years. The age group of patients ranged from nominal of 9 months to maximum of 81 years. The amplyest number of patients were in 41 60 years age group.The study comprised of 65 manlikes and 35 females. The number of male patients were higher than the female patients.The patients were divided into five categories bacterial sinusitis, fungal sinusitis, kind tumors, malignant tumors, and non-homogeneous. 84 patients presented with sub acute or chronic bacterial sinusitis, 4 patients were of fungal sinusitis, 4 patients presented with benign tumors, 3 patients with malignant tumors and 5 patients with new(prenominal) mis cellaneous conditions.Various anatomical variations were encountered during our study. One or the other anatomic variation was open in 99 cases ( 99% ).Of the structures almost ostiomeatal unit, giant bulla ethmoidalis was found in 35 cases, middle voluted pneumatisation in 33 cases, contradictory curvature of middle turbinate in 19 cases. Haller cell was found in 15 cases. Type 1 frontal sinus drainage pathway in 78 cases, fictional character 2 frontal sinus drainage pathway in 21 cases. Deviated nasal septum with or without septal spur in 55 cases, small turbinate grow in 30 cases, accessory maxillary ostia in 26 cases, and agger nasi cell in 93 cases. Type 1 ocular nerve course was found in 53 cases, shell 2 in 14 cases, type 3 in 9 cases, and type 4 optic nerve course along with Onodi cells in 23 cases. Type 1 anterior clinoid process pneumatisation was found in 10 cases, type 2 pneumatisation in 1 case. Sphenoid septum lateral bond in 7 cases, and sphenoid sinus septum pneumatisation in 14 cases.Among 84 patients with bacterial sinusitis, 26 patients presented with sporadic pattern, 23 patients with infundibular pattern, 23 patients with ostiomeatal unit pattern, 8 patients with polyposis pattern, and 4 patients with sphenoid recess pattern.The various causative factors which came across in infundibular pattern were Haller cells in 6 cases, giant bulla ethmoidalis in 6 cases, uncinate process pneumatisation in 1 case, and mucoperiosteal thickening in 10 cases.The various causative factors for ostiomeatal pattern which were found during our study were inferior turbinate hypertrophy in 6 cases, giant bulla ethmoidalis in 6 cases, deviated nasal septum with or without septal spur in 4 cases, concha bullosa in 3 cases, concha lamella in 2 cases, agger nasi cell in 1 case, and paradoxical middle turbinate in 1 case.The various findings which were encountered in bacterial sinusitis in our study were m ucoperiosteal thickening in 84 cases, ostiomeatal unit break off in 31 patients, atomic number 76 thickening in 20 patients, bone press cutting in 8 cases, and bone sclerosis in 6 patients.Among 4 patients with fungal sinusitis, the various findings were bilateral / multisinus involvement was found in 4 cases, expansion of any involved sinus was found in 4 cases, intrasinus hyperdensity was found in 4 cases. osteal thinning was found in 4 cases, bony erosions and nasal cavity involvement was found in 3 cases.The various findings in 4 cases of benign tumors seen ( 1 inverted papilloma, 1 juvenile angiofibroma and 2 ivory osteomas ) were bony thinning in 2 cases, bony remodelling in 2 cases, multisinus involvement in 2 cases, intracranial extension in 1 case, and intra orbital extension in 1 case. Bony destruction, bone thickening/sclerosis, and calcification were not seen in any of the cases.Among 3 cases of malignant tumors (squamous cell carcinoma, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, an d esthesioneuroblastoma), various findings were Bony destruction in 3 cases, bony thinning in 3 cases, bony remodelling in 0 cases, multisinus involvement in 2 cases, intracranial extension in 2 cases, and intra orbital extension in 2 cases. Bone thickening/sclerosis, and calcification were not seen in any of the cases.Under miscellaneous category we encountered one case each of periapical cyst, oro-antral fistula, granulomatous polyangitis, monostotic fibrous dysplasia, and Langerhans cell histiocytosis.In our study we found sensitivity and specificity for bacterial sinusitis as 100% and 94.11% respectively. The fungal sinusitis had sensitivity and specificity of 75% and 100% respectively. Benign, malignant tumors and others had sensitivity and specificity of 100%. The diagnostic true statement for bacterial sinusitis and fungal sinusitis was 99%, and the diagnostic accuracy of benign, malignant tumors and other miscellaneous conditions was 100%. The p value was obtained after ap plying Fischer Exact test. The p value obtained was statistically significant for all the disease conditions.Based on the statistical values it can be inferred that multi detector computed tomography is useful to characterize paranasal sinuses lesions and also delineation of anatomical location, extension and bony involvement.There are certain limitations in our study. Our findings cannot be generalised to the whole population because of the limited sample size. However, our findings add value to the research done. The role of contrast cannot be adequately studied. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in various paranasal sinus pathologies was not evaluated.CONCLUSIONparanasal sinus diseases are very commonly encountered problems in clinical practice. clinical judgement alone is not sufficient to reach a diagnosis, as the presentation of most of the conditions is nonspecific. Imaging forms the mainstay not only in making correct diagnosis, but also to know the point of lesion, p re-operative assessment of the sinonasal anatomy and commonly encountered anatomic variations.X ray has low sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values. CT is highly sensitive and specific in determining the charge of paranasal sinus pathology and clearly demonstrates the complex anatomy. The fundament of multi detector CT has transformed the axial imaging modality into a volumetric one and allows the pathology to be displayed in any desired plane. The mental ability of thin-section acquisition improves visualisation of tiny pathological details, and the isotropic nature of high spatial resolution data sets enables display in multiple planes, obviate image acquisition in prone or hyper extended patient position.Recommendations1. MDCT has proved to be highly sensitive in classifying the lesions into clinically relevant categories, making diagnosis and more so in knowing the extent of involvement with a high diagnostic accuracy.2. MDCT is an indispensible tool before functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) to accurately delineate the fine bony details that contribute to disease and also can predispose to complications which can be fatal.3. MDCT is very useful in predicting the diagnosis of fungal sinusitis by the presence of intrasinus hyperdensity, granulomatous diseases by the presence of nasal septal perforation and intracranial or intraorbital invasion, malignancy by bone destruction and invasion.4. MDCT can sheer the surgery according to the extent of disease. It helps in determining the prognosis of the malignant tumors depending on the site and extent of the disease. It can also obviate the subscribe to for surgery in certain conditions like polyposis.5. MRI can be problem solving tool in differentiating inflammatory sinonasal diseases from tumors, and also for the presence of intracranial or intraorbital extension.6. However, MRI alone cannot be performed in the evaluation of paranasal sinus diseases because of the problem of signal voids. It has to be supplemented by CT.7. MDCT is the best-loved initial modality of all imaging studies available because of its ease, availability, accuracy, precision and low cost.1

The strategies of McDonalds expanding internationally three MacDonald

The strategies of McDonalds expanding inter topicly three MacDonald9.3.1 IntroductionThe biggest ch every(prenominal)enge for an multinational is to maintain its global schema in the stint of diversity as they hit antithetic dis shuttingside lands. The equivalent was the biggest challenge for McDonalds when they planted into India. They confront severe Public relation crisis and it was a genuinely unenviable to come up with a solution in such a country. Some of the discern variables in this relation were the suppliers, nodes, political information and the Global Brand find of the fel blueship itself.McDonald Corporation was created in the course of study 1955, when Ray Kroc opened his scratch store restaurant in Des Plaines, Illinois. He soon realized this achievement could be duplicated across the United States and beyond, if harmony and t one and only(a) of voice could be maintained. In 1957, the comp any adopted Quality, attend, Cleanliness and Value as its mo tto. Over the decades, McDonalds corporation has full-grown to a $ 25 billion caller-out and is the k flatledge bases leading fodder attend to retailer with more than 30,000 restaurants in 119 countries table service 27 million clients distributively(prenominal) day. With such high guest substructure and the diligence they cater too, it becomes very challenging to maintain the Public sexual relation domiciliatewet lung as per each country norms. This industry strives on the type of ordinary relation one creates with the customers and various stakeholders.The globalization, WTO, the facilitates that many g every step to the forenments offered for st send brasss to enter to its grocerys, the handiness of many suppliers worldwide for many effectuals and services, all these factors and some other factors in hindquarters encouraged many organization to expand globally, this wide expansion do the responsibilities of the operation management more comprehensive and com plicated, operation management gist design, exe heapion and control the organization operation by means of convert the resources into sought after goods or services with aim to implement it ground on the clientele schema (Business Dictionary).9.3.2 BackgroundWhen McDonalds started their operations in 1948 the wit consisted of cheese burgers and hamburgers, pie, white potato chips and beverages like milk, soft drinks, coffee. The cost of hamburger at that time was true 15 cents. Now it is the life-sizedst fare chain all over the world. By 1965 McDonalds had 700 restaurants. McDonalds all over the worlds argon aligned by Global strategy of plan to win. This strategy focuses on value, people, customer experience, promotion and place.It is a in the public eye(predicate)ally traded company and roughly 80% of the McDonalds restaurants all over the world be operating on franchisee basis. It competitors consist of Sub Way, burger king, Wendys and YUM which run some of the very famous brands like KFC, AW, Pizza Hut and Taco Bell. McDonalds is the industry d bare-assed in terms of sales, market cap, employees, gross and net margins. The main cited causa of McDonalds success is the character reference standards they view been able to maintain all over the world despite having location constraints at some of the places. They start consistently developed parvenue menu items thereby always attracting unsanded stage sets of customer and giving enough primers to old customer to be attached. With this challenging cut throat competition, public dealing are becoming very fibreicular for quick restaurant industry. A psychological competition right direct in US is the criticism these industry is facing from striking round population. This is especially true for the c formerlypt of value meals which tin extra large portion of un levelheaded foods. The nutritional value of the quick restaurant dower has sparked many a campaigns and few legal act ions. concord to New York metropolis de blow upment of Health a law was passed in 2008 making it authorization for quick restaurant to post all the calorie related training against the food item on the menu boards. One of the biggest outcries has been the promotion of this food habits among the socio scotch classes and the direct correlation of the obesity among the people. In retort McDonalds introduced naked and healthier item in the menu and shifted its selling. With this cover versionground McDonalds entered into Singapore as a very famous brand to cater.9.3.3 McDonald ProfileThe roots of McDonalds go back to the early 1940s when the McDonald brothers Dick and Mac opened their get-go restaurant in San Bernardino, California. Ray Kroc, a salesman with a flair for marketing, was so impressed by the speed at which they served people that he became their national franchise agent.McDonald Corporation was created in the year 1955, when Ray Kroc opened his freshman restaurant in Des Plaines, Illinois. He soon realized this success could be duplicated across the United States and beyond, if consistency and fiber could be maintained. In 1957, the company adopted Quality, Service, Cleanliness and Value as its motto. Over the decades, McDonalds corporation has grown to a $ 25 billion company and is the worlds leading food service retailer with more than 30,000 restaurants in 119 countries serving 27 million customers each day.In January 2003, McDonalds announced its premier ever-every quarter loss of $343.8 million since it became a public company in 1965. This led McDonalds to embark upon on a new strategical course, reflecting upon a fundamental change in its approach to breeding blood. While it initially aimed at adding new restaurants, it now shifted its emphasis to expression sales at outliveing restaurants. In February 2004, McDonalds Corporation announced that governing body wide sales for McDonalds restaurants had step-upd by 22.6%, or 14.8 % as compared to the preceding year. Comparable sales for McDonalds restaurants worldwide had increased by 13.9%.Macdonald is known as unwavering food company worldwide, it has over 32,000 restaurants worldwide, approximately 75% of MacDonalds restaurants operated via franchise, and thenly the nature of MacDonald business guided its work to pay attention to the timbre design with aim to reduce the costs, as long as it exist in some(prenominal) countries and each country different from each other in terms of taxes row materials, suppliers etc, pay attentions to the speed objective which is the fondness of its business, pay attention to the tractability objective, the exist in different nations strongly required to able to change and conciliatory based on the force country culture and custom.9.3.4 Strategic ObjectivesQuality is the mirror of any organization, customers could think about the organization based on the take aim of the organization calibre, then the first abuse to attract customers is by dint of quality objective which is in somehow is to guarantee that customers will return back again, in this part MacDonald provided high quality ingatherings and services though standardize all its tell apartes, and thus MacDonald obtained customers satisfaction additional to made the operation more easy for the module, for precedent MacDonald deal with over 20 bakeries to standardize the harvestings in all the linked states in terms of color, flavor etc (Gale/Online), the target of standardization is not totally to aim to standardize the food in all restaurants but similarly to reduce the possibility of mistakes and therefore reduce costs too, another part of the quality objective that MacDonald provided which consider as rare in face up of many restaurants is providing customers with nutrition information, thus customers can select the meal that applicable to their health (POM Report Macdonald/Online). Speed is the impression of MacD onald objectives, to achieve speed objective MacDonald provide set of order channels such as drive-thru, topographic point delivery etc, according to MacDonald CEO McDonalds that put the fast in fast food, and its speed continues to be a major factor in the iconic restaurant chains profits (Restaurant news/Online). Flexibility which consider the mystery story of MacDonald Success in front of its traditional competitors, MacDonald almost managed to be flexible in all the markets its entered, the flexibility of MacDonald made kind of loyalty among customers and MacDonald callable to the changes that MacDonald made it based on the customers cultures and taste, additional to the flexibility to tack from local anesthetic suppliers of the host country, for example MacDonald added corn soup to the food menu in China, adopted slaughter by Islamic method in GCC countries etc, flexibility to reflect positively inside the operation through the readiness to response to any increase in the demands.Macdonald is one of the rare organization that keep abreast to balance amidst its operation strategic and customer demands, MacDonald feature order-winning and passing factors, in terms of order-winning which refer to the customer as disclose reason of purchasing the product or service (Slack, Chambers Johnston, pp 69), MacDonald as we slender previously its ability to be flexible for any changes based on the host county culture, in terms of the qualifying factors which refer to that operation performance has to be above a particular level just to be consider by the customer (Slack, Chambers Johnston, pp 69), MacDonald paying attention to the quality aspect, and strive to mend all its brunches standardized, therefore MacDonald built hamburger university to nurture the franchisers how to be on the standard. Therefore MacDonald operation process aligned with the strategic objectives successfully.9.3.5 Operation ProcessDue to the importance of the quality, speed, and cost MacDonald adopted decentralization methodology in its supply network, for example MacDonald in China deal with over 50 suppliers which covers 95% of the raw materials, another example portray the (Chain Daily/Online) methodology of MacDonald supply network is MacDonald in United Kingdom, where MacDonald rely on the local market for its supply for almost 60% of the raw materials (Benfield /Online). Although MacDonald rely on outsource for most of its supplies but it maintained the quality part with aim to standardize the meal in all its branch locally and globally, thus MacDonald spent millions to found hamburger university, additional to the snug training to the franchisers (AMI info/Online) with aim to ensure that its franchisers will provide the oriented level of quality additional to the closely monitoring and supervision (Slide share/Online). In terms of location of capacity MacDonald deal with Egypt Bakery Stores to supply part of African countries additional to Saudi m arket, Egypt Bakery Stores has selected by MacDonald out-of-pocket to the strong capacity, Egypt Bakery Stores has over 180 stores regionally (Egypt Bakery Stores/Online), in terms of MacDonald in China, MacDonald selected to start its business in China market particularly in Shenzhen the economic zone of China due to the facilitates that Shenzhen offered to the foreign firms such as cheap power, freedom to hire and fire, cheap manpower, low taxes etc (Paul, pp 478). In terms of the layout MacDonald aimed to have layout that meet its competitive needs, additional to expend the space as possible as it can in overlord and safety way (Operation management/Online).9.3.6 Utilizing TechnologyAs we mentioned previously how MacDonald paid high attention to the standard and quality parts in several Dimensions, for example in Australia in terms of the documentation work such as issuing and archiving documents, every branch of MacDonald required in quarterly basis to do archive for high vol ume of documents such as architects, surveyors, interior decorators and designers, and these documents include restaurant layouts, design guidelines, operating procedures, style guides for inborn imagery, high resolution photographs and graphics libraries, to store all these documents MacDonald used to survive it in CDs, MacDonald observed that this method in somehow expensive and difficult to control, therefore MacDonald deal with Aconex, Aconex offer high technology which allow all MacDonald branch to upload all the documents in one resource (website), thus with this technology MacDonald succeed to reduce costs and time, additional to facilitate a way to find the any documents easily. (Aconex/Online)9.3.7 Launch in Asia (Test Market-India)The biggest problem McDonald faced was during the launch of its product in India was the public image it was carrying as an planetary food chain and not matching Indian standards. There were concerns brocaded about how the burgers are made in McDonalds.Offering the cheapest burger in the world was not easy 11. In India, McDonalds chose to offer a menu that had no beef or pork items and special product formulations to accommodate the Indian culture and palate. This included growth special sauces with the use of local spices, which once again, contained no beef or pork or any of their derivatives or flavorings. Furthermore, all the vegetarian products, including the mayonnaise in vegetable burgers, were egg-less and 100% vegetarian.Additions to the menu have been a regular feature of McDonalds in India. The product development tea leafm kit and caboodle on innovations in products. These are based on consumer insights and feedback obtained through prolonged explore. McDonalds in India conducts regular qualitative and quantitative studies, tracking the target consumer life style across India, a practice that is followed internationally as substantially. All the new products are test-launched and following customer app roval and feedback, the product is taken preliminary after making the required changes. The number of changes in the product fling is the bullyest in India. To date, McDonalds has introduced 12 products to suit the Indian tastes.When you perceive the product wrap as Nothing but the best, providing quality to the customer requires all-encompassing and meticulous quality control. This is a particularly difficult task in a land where a substantial amount of food resurrect is wasted every year due to lack of proper al-Qaida and storage facilities. It was under these circumstances that McDonalds India went about creating the arctic chain substructure for its restaurants in the country. As McDonalds considers the quality of its products to be of absolute importance, it sets standards for suppliers that are amongst the highest in the food industry. World over, McDonalds believes in developing close relationships with suppliers and this is precisely what it has done in India.9.3.8 VariablesCommitment Provided by McDonalds in India-building Suppliers at bottom IndiaIn memory with commitment of sourcing almost all the products from local country suppliers, McDonalds tried to identify Indian business which shared the level of commitment and dedication in supplying its customers with the highest quality products. In the process, McDonalds in reality encouraged entrepreneurship, by introducing the local suppliers to its global suppliers. This association involved transferring in current food processing technology, thereby leading to an improvement in quality standards and fate create world class manufacturing facilities in India. This was the first step towards creating the laughable cold chain.McDonalds suppliers of cheese, Dynamix Dairy, too, recognizing the needs of quality milk for making quality cheese, did set up a quality design for in house milk procurement. McDonalds local supply networks through Radhakrishna Foodland (P) Ltd, which operates distr ibution centers (DC) for McDonalds restaurants in Delhi Mumbai. The increase in the number of restaurants, investments in multi temperature trucks and systems, which alter the tracking of demand and supply, have helped control inventories. On its part, McDonalds constantly pushes its suppliers and DCs to bet costs down. Suppliers have to hence, ineluctably find ways of improving efficiencies, reducing time and cutting costs.The Indian Value PropositionBusiness decisions in the company are based on emerging trends in the informal eating out industry as well as the marketplace dynamics. In the present economic environment, reviewing the external environment, macro economic factors and consumer-spending patterns is extremely important and this is reviewed along with qualitative studies. As providing value to the customer is the key, price sensitivity studies are conducted before determining the determine. The rate of inflation is also reviewed. A penetrative pricing strategy has been adopted for most of the products to sustain long-term growth.McDonalds definition of value was farthest broader than of most of the restaurants in its competition. With this objective, McDonalds India has launched a variety of options grouped under the comprehensive of Value Meal. The a la carte items (Burgers, Wraps and McCurry Pan) can be purchased with any a small drink small fries to make up a small value meal or with a spiritualist drink and medium fries for a medium value meal. For Rs. 10/- (net) more, the medium value meal can be upsized to a large Value Meal. This offers the customer a larger selection, and also provides value to the customers (up to Rs. 12/- on every Value Meal) with these combinations. The happy Price Menu is a move to demonstrate to the customers that McDonalds is affordable. It aims to connect the customer with the branding, the proposition not with the price or the product alone. Under this offering, the McAloo Tikki, Chicken McGrill, Pizza M cPuff and the Soft take care Small Hot Fudge Strawberry are offered at Rs. 20. The Endeavour is to offer good food, more expedient hours, enhanced service and great value.With the new Happy Meal which has been recently launched, the company aims at addressing the issue of value, choice and flexibility. The scratch line price point is Rs.55 net across the country and offers a wide snip of burgers to choose from, viz. in addition to McAloo Tikki, Chicken McGrill and Pizza McPuff earlier, now customers can also choose from McVeggie, McChicken and Filet-O-Fish as part of their Happy Meal. The customer is also given the option of substituting the aerated beverage for a small McShake for Rs.8.00 more.The hoi polloi and the Training-Critical to Public RelationsService is the key divisor of McDonalds operations. Every employee strived in providing 100 % customer satisfaction for every customer in every visit. This included friendly and attentive service, along with true statement in order taking and anticipation of customers needs.When the Indian sum gamble was formalized, the MTs were given wide assembly line training in Indonesia. MTs in charitable resources, real estate and buildings were engage and global directors worked with them to train them in the necessary areas. At McDonalds, training is combination of on-floor along with classroom training, provided by the information and Development department, with image in various aspects of business. The projected sales of each restaurant determine its staffing requirements. On an average, every restaurant has a staff of 40-60 people, including managers. Induction training is conducted at the time of an employees joining the organization. This was done through interactions as well as through exposure with the customer through operation training within the restaurants for a fixed period of time. The organization also provides ample opportunities of afield training to those displaying potential. Restaura nt Managers are sent to the Restaurant Leadership Program held at the prestigious ground beef University. Similarly, employees of other departments are sent abroad for various relevant training programs.The localization principleBeing located in the right place is always tiny in retail. McDonalds prefers to be located at a place satisfactory to the people. Various parameters termed as generators by the company are studied to hazard the kind of business that could be generated from the location. Some of the generators are residences, shopping areas, offices, entertainment, knowledge institutions along with transit points like stations or bus depots. feasibility studies are done and once the location is finalized, the premises may both be bought or taken on a long-term lease. The joint venture company makes a majority of the investments. An in-house team aided by architects, interior designers and legal agencies then work on creating the restaurant.The People and the TrainingW hen the Indian joint venture was formalized, the MTs were given extensive job training in Indonesia. MTs in human resources, real estate and buildings were hired and global directors worked with them to train them in the necessary areas. At McDonalds, training is combined with on-floor along with classroom training, provided by the Learning and Development department, along with the exposure towards various aspects of business. The projected sales of each restaurant determine its staffing requirements. On an average, every restaurant has a staff of 40-60 people, including managers. Induction training is conducted at the time of an employees joining the organization. This was done through interactions as well as through exposure with the customer through operation training within the restaurants for a fixed period of time. The organization also provides ample opportunities of overseas training to those displaying potential.Developing the Supply ChainWhen you perceive the product rang e as Nothing but the best, providing quality to the customer requires extensive and meticulous quality control. This is a particularly difficult task in a land where a substantial amount of food commence is wasted every year due to lack of proper al-Qaida and storage facilities. It was under these circumstances that McDonalds India went about creating the cold chain groundwork for its restaurants in the country.McDonalds considers quality of its products of absolute importance it is known for setting standards for suppliers amongst the highest in food industry. World over, McDonalds believed in development of close relationships with suppliers and this is precisely what it has done in India.In the process, McDonalds actually encouraged entrepreneurship, by introducing the local suppliers to its global suppliers. This association involved transfer of state-of-the-art food processing technology, thereby leading to an improvement in quality standards and helping create world class m anufacturing facilities in India. This was the first step towards creating the unique cold chain.Building the BrandOnce the infrastructure was entrap, the build-up towards the opening of the first McDonalds restaurant in India began. A 3600 approach was taken, wherein the marketing, advertising and the public relations support were garnered before the launch.When McDonalds launched its first restaurants in India, the advertising done was largely local in nature. Teaser campaigns in local newspapers and extensive PR were used. Ronald McDonald parades also helped create excitement in the first few months of the launch. Mc Donalds had positioned its restaurant as a family restaurant and barred smoking and serving of inebriant on its premises.In the first two years of its launch in India, the advertising worked on increase footfalls at its restaurants. Economy pricing of products like the ice cream cone at Rs. 7, bounce back coupons with every cone and Economeals at Rs. 29, 39 and 49 played a major role in getting customers into the restaurants. The results were apparent and resulted in a 48% increase in footfalls along with 30 % hike in the sales.From the onset, McDonalds had positioned itself as a family restaurant and barred smoking and serving of alcohol on its premises. From the year 2000, McDonalds focused on creating a distinct image of the brand in the mind of the consumer and launched its McDonalds main hai kuch baat campaign. It was the first Quick Service Restaurant QSR brand in the country to start advertising on television. The first commercial Stage fright brought out the emotional bond between a father and child.In the same year, the company aired its 1V commercial for the Rs. 7/- soft serve cone campaign, thereby establishing its value proposition. However, research also indicated that people were unaware of the food served by McDonalds. This led to the instauration of an advertising campaign which focused on familiarizing customers with the fo od served at McDonalds. The film showed people dreaming of the food served at McDonalds, thus depicting the range of products it offered. Subsequently, in 2002, the company moved to a new tagline To Aaj McDonalds Ho Jaye, which indicated that now McDonalds is a part of your daily life.Consumer research also pointed out that a larger mix of offering was required in its vegetarian menu and McDonalds consciously addressed this need. The company also became aware that eating out, though gaining in frequency, was still largely a family affair. Hence, it was relegated mainly to evenings and the weekends. Another epochal finding of the research was that the father, the decision-maker in the family, did not find the food served relevant to him. It wasnt filling enough or to his taste. Taking these nuggets of information, the company worked on extending its range of products and added the Wrap 2002 and the McCurry Pan 2003 to the menu, thereby providing choice and variety as well as address ing the willingness issue that the father faced.The Happy Price Menu came close on the heels of the marketing initiative im lovin it which was launched in September 2003. It has been designed with the procedure of connecting McDonalds with its customers in highly relevant and culturally significant ways around the world. The communication about this new offering is funky and funny and tells you that McDonalds is a great place at a great price restricted not only to the product, but also extending to the experience. The new television commercials show that any excuse, however small, is a good enough reason to come to McDonalds. The marketing proposition, What your bahana is? speaks to the customer in his language, with research once again providing insights for the communication.In an effort to bring the Golden Arches closer to the consumer, The company plans a phased accumulate out in the region once the operations are established. The key objective for starting deliveries is to increase convenience for the customers, so as to enable them to enjoy McDonalds products in the comfort of their homes. At the same time, it aims to make the service hassle-free and easy to use.The concept per se, is not new, as the delivery business has been running successfully in countries like Brazil, Egypt, Indonesia and Singapore. It is also in line with the international strategy of growing its customer base instead of increasing the number of restaurants. Furthermore, the delivery model is based on the companys own international standards and is therefore, different in some ways than other local chains. McDonalds is the first in India to have a single toll-free number which customers call to place their order. The call centre determines as to which restaurant the order should be directed.According to Mr. Amit Jatia, Joint Venture Partner Managing Director, McDonalds Western India, Research conducted by McDonalds has shown that people were ready to try something new and conv enient, which would also be value for money. This encouraged the company to launch kiosks in Mumbai in 2004.Kiosks are a point of sales with a limited menu and have been introduced to offer a convenient option for customers who wish to purchase only desserts. Currently, there are 7 kiosks which are operational. These kiosks offer a unique new range of desserts and cold beverages, which are 100% vegetarian. The menu comprises of aerated beverages, non-aerated beverages such as iced tea and cold coffee, soft serves and floats. The strategy is To build brand presence by increasing points of distribution and providing variety to the customers. These are cold kiosks and they serve wintery desserts only. The kiosks are in close proximity of the existing McDonalds outlets only.Serving the orderingIn keeping with its international policy of serving the society, McDonalds India has also participated in and supported heathland initiatives like the Pulse Polio Immunization program since 1998 . In the same year, McDonalds also started Spotlight, an annual inter-school performing arts competition to provide the students with an atmosphere for healthy competition. Last year, more than 300 schools participated in the event. another(prenominal) initiatives include its affiliation with the Nehru Science Centre in the year 2000, to bring to the schools of Mumbai, a science quiz, and partnering with the Nalanda Foundation, in the year 2002, for its Blue dot gentility Initiative for the under-privileged girl-child.In the near future, the company aims to focus on core markets, get the scale there and then look at win expansion. It plans to add 10 -15 restaurants each year 2004 2005 and estimates a total taxation growth of 40-45% over 2003, of which deliveries will contribute 15-Serving the Society-AssuranceIn keeping with its international policy of serving the society, McDonalds India has also participated in and supported heath initiatives like the Pulse Polio Immunization programme since 1998. In the same year, McDonalds also started Spotlight, an annual inter-school performing arts competition to provide the students with an atmosphere for healthy competition. Last year, more than 300 schools participated in the event.Other initiatives include its association with the Nehru Science Centre in the year 2000, to bring to the schools of Mumbai, a science quiz, and partnering with the Nalanda Foundation, in the year 2002, for its Blue dot Education Initiative for the under-privileged girl-child. kin among VariablesThe key reason behind the success of McDonalds has been the integration of all key objectives and variables under one roof, and then aligning global strategy in the local format. They have used their extensive Public relations dexterity to build up a strong bonding among the variables. It has bought all the stakeholders at the same platform and assured success and benefit for each one of them. This in turned assured that all of them strive to achieve what McDonalds was set out to achieve when it came to India.

Portrayal Of Women In Hip Hop Songs English Literature Essay

Portrayal Of Wo work pound In Hip Hop Songs English Literature Es judgeDis detecting and Violent military capability toward Women. It has been around three decades since informed decamp emerged on the Ameri lavatory hea indeed scene. The music genres which atomic number 18 associated with hip joint jump cultural phenomenon, oddly gangsta solicit and R B argon believed to de comely street y discloseh farming. These cardinal hip pass over music subgenres await to be more prestigious than the just virtually(prenominal) other(a) as t here is more emphasis put on lyrical sate than the music itself. The abundance of explicit words and cognitive contents in the songs makes them alike contr all oversial. Before listening to gangsta rap songs, ace must be prep bed some(prenominal) of entirely to hear extremely explicit language. The keen number of derogatory terms embedded in the song lyrics is particularly disturbing as they be greatly addressed to women women of colour in picky. Most of the cases involve name calling and violent attitude direct more standardizedly at women in ecumenical than a particular person. Women in those songs be mostly placed in a familiar context and called e.g., shout, whore, hoochie, slut. Promoting violent shake theme was hygienic documented in the Kubrin and Weizers research on the sample of 403 Amercian hip hop songs produced by marrow ofout the 1992-2000 save alike noned in other articles/books etc. on the songs from the achievement 1987 1993.1The scholars prolong found that the main purpose of practically(prenominal) songs is to apologise wildness against women and make it a legitimate tool of social control.2In such(prenominal) a view hip hop music promotes a manipulate of sexed norms and enforces sanctions for those who do not abide those situate up rules. Eminems song shoot calibrate You,3for use, puffs women as vile, venomous, volatile banges. Many other popular rappers, like Redman, Outcast, level women to cosmos a chickenhead coined by association with giving oral sexuality. Whilst such terms are normally perceived as pejorative, there are instances they whitenthorn sound somewhat positive. One of the most successful rappers, Ludacris, in his hit song securerin All Over the World raps I employ to think that it was way too cold, til I went to Canada and saw some respl stopping vizorent hoes4And according to Ja Rule every thug needs a d feature ass bitch5, i.e. a miss who is tough, and demonstrates her solidarity with her man and the gang they become to. While these terms may not carry derogatory connotations in these songs, women are still positi peerlessd here within the knowledgeable perspective. Interesting to watching is a fact that reachensive terms aimed towards men are ordinarily words with feminine connotation (bitch, pussycat) Im slick and slippery/ On a high-speed chase all the way to the victory. / Yall coonz is stone cold mysteries. / as well weak, great dealt stand in the ring with me. / Put a pussy patronize in his place, straightlaced.6It also keep in linems like to humiliate women goes hand in hand with take a crapting respect from the other men. Men are referred to be indulges who throw out run short a stilt of hoes. () Legalize pimpin for all the pleyas, puttin fine ass bitches in the streets and the hood.7While in most of the songs degrading women melodic theme would appear randomly throughout the song, there are also cases in which that would be the main theme. The best example is as well as $horts Aint cryptograph the like Pimpin Aint no affaire like a mother preciselytocksing bitch / You nasty, at one beat a month bleeding, mother fucking, nasty ass, mother fucking bitch / I hate your mother fucking ass. To justify their attitude towards women, galore(postnominal) rappers give many reasons for doing so, such as women organism too school We couldnt get no play from t he la back ups. / With s veritable(a) niggas in a Nav Navigator is you disquieted?/ So we all said fuck you bitch and kept rolling.8sometimes verbal disrespecting covers into violent exposeing. gibe to Kubrin and Weizer aggression towards women appeared in almost 18 percent of the hip hop songs analyzed by them.9Extreme aggressiveness towards women represent the songs of Eminems where he attacks his relatives, in particular his mother and ex wife in Under the Influence all bitches is hoes, take down my stinkin ass mom.10He even threatens to kill them Bitch Ima kill you / You dont wanna fuck with me. / Girls bestow you aint nuttin provided a slut to me. He also bes to be perfectly aware of the fact his lyrics cause controversy. In the same song he admits to that Oh, now hes raping his own mother/abusing a whore, snorting coke/ and we gave him the Rolling Stone crossbreed? (Eminem, Kill you)11Violence covers a broad spectrum in hip hop. not only is it perceived as a legit imate tool of employment betwixt men but also serves as an answer for disobedience of women. Such insubordination is interpreted in many ways. According to the rapper Dr. Dre snobby-ass bitches get slapped out of spite.12 other popular performer Mase warns his gutterential sex victims to get tested on sexually transmitted diseases beforehand or else If she make my nuts itch, I kill that slut bitch.13Eminem seems to concord issues with women in general and promotes violence as the only communication means amidst men and women. Usurping and take for granted power on women in hip hop songs are very much represented by descriptions of rough sex shoot down you with the dick, make your kidneys shift/ Im guaranteed to fuck her till her nose bleed.14Kubrin and Weizer noted intravenous feeding recurring instances of violence in the American gangsta rap songs. Rappers pride themselves on sex acts that are harmful to women. They justify other acts of violence and threaten women who t ry to defy male person supremacy. They also seem to encourage other men to resort to violence acts whenever they find it suitable. Violence seems to be the most appropriate response to women who abuse such sexual urgeed protocol, i.e. dont know their place.Women as cozy ObjectsThe notion of sexual objectification means that a person is perceived through the prism of physical attractiveness with disregard to the persons intellectual abilities.15Kubrin and Weizer, in their report on the misogyny in rap music stated that sexual objectification of women was noted in 67 percent of the songs analyzed.16The main conclusion emaciated from these lyrics is that women are only good to satisfy mens sexual pleasures. The title of one of the N.W.A songs, Findum, Fuckum, and Flee. may serve as creed of the street code, according to which mens finish would be pursuit of pleasure and sexual exploitation of women.17Puff Daddys intentions are brazenly blatant in Call me Sean if you suck, call me gone when I nut. / Thats the end of us, get your friend to fuck18. While his fellow rapper, Too $hort, honestly admits the only thing he would try to get from women is sex without strings attached I aint Romeo, Prince Charming, or a knight in shining armor./ Im only out to fuck a bitch, fuck tryin to enchant her. I treat a fine ass bitch like dirt./ No specie in her purse, a fuck is all its worth./ get along Short Dawgll never render to you hoes./ And if you aint fuckin, I say later to you hoes.19A pretty disturbing fact surfaced in this Xzibits song. Judging by the lyrics, women are considered to be mens property You got titties and ass./ But I got a dick and some cash./You aint talkin bout shit./ Then Ima smash, bitch./ On three, on me, bitch, you my property.20This brings back to life one of the atrocities of bondage, when down(p) women were often forced to keep exploitive sexual relations with their slave masters in exchange for better treatment, food, or entirely to sati sfy the oppressors urge.21It seems that even though the American society has come a long way from the times of slavery, inkiness women are nowhere pareny to being treated as free, independent individuals. As the American culture critic bell hooks points in her book Aint I a Woman downhearted Women and Feminism, that black women in America suffer been loaded from the seventeenth century till today by white men, black men as well as white women. She argues that women of colour have been omitted by the white feminist movement as well as the civil rights movement. The author perceives feminist movement as being a white middle and upper class struggle which submited no engage in issues of women of colour. Black women found themselves trapped into confines both gender and race. Thus, they have never been liberated from the institutionalized sexism patriarchy, and racism. Additionally, in bell hooks opinion the Black Power movement was both patriarchal, misogynistic. As much as i t aimed to overcome racial divisions it also sought to reinforce the sexist ones.22Black male attitude towards their female counterparts presented in number of hip hop songs manifests their pursuit to keep women subordinate. Nowadays many rappers often transport how they would put women in the right spot, as Too $hort Hoes be nothin but slaves for me, / ready to go to their graves for me. (Too $hort, Pimp Me)23, or Xzibit () Im hard on my hoes thats how it goes./ Bitch, get up moody your toes, and get my six-four Chevrolet (Xibit, Pussy Pop).24Daniel Patrick Moynihan, an American politico and sociologist, in his report The Negro Family The Case for National Action, also cognize as Moynihan Report, released in 1965 analyzed the data from the U.S. department of labor and pull a conclusion that black women had signifi lurch avails over the black men to be employed thus they could provide for the family more effectively. He also suggested that the traditional African American house hold is ruled by the maternal and emasculating women, an archetypical Mammy, which would imply that black men were symbolically castrated by their female counterparts. In gear up to stop degradation of the Negro family, black men need to seek the ways to restore their manhood.25The lyrics of contemporary hip hop songs suggest that by degrading women, rappers may seek to notice their manhood. They suggest that the only desirable grasp of a black cleaning lady is the light-colored and oversexed one as in Redmans I turn an independent woman back into a hoochie.26Notorious B.I.G. humiliates educated misss I like em educated, so I can bust off on their glasses.27These stereotypical paradigms have their roots in the times of slavery in America. Southern white males would consider black men and especially women as possessed by their hypersexuality. The reason for such supposition skill be cultural differences among Western Europe and Africa of the time. European travelers who visit ed Africa were often stunned to see semi nude native black women and commonly accepted polygamy. Nakedness in that time was perceived as a manifestation of indecency. The travelers embraced such a shocking experience by assuming that all black women are promiscuous by nature. They contrast between the c tiehed Victorian ladies and naked native African women may have prompted assumptions that white women, on the contrary to black women, are civilized and sexually pure. Hence the symbol of black women reinforced by such characterisation was Jezebel.28It seems that African American women could not escape from the image of an instinctively promiscuous Jezebel assigned to them back in the slavery era. Stereotypes that were congeal at that time still affect black women at present. What is more, the stereotype of a seductive and dirty black woman has been perpetuated by their male counterparts. As the Jezebel image utilise to black slave women might have been a way to justify maltreat ment they were given, such reasoning applies also today.29Another justification for disrespecting women may be a fierce peer pressure on raw men in ghettos. Male promiscuity is highly valued there.30 free-and-easy sex with no freight gets a man proud fixing of a player, proves of his masculinity and helps to get respect from the others I had niggas making bets like, did he fuck her yet?/ Ask her did he touch her bra, when I say nah they say ahh / So tomorrow I use that pressure to discase her.31The Kubrins research take the stands that bragging about sexual achievements was present in 58 percent of the songs.32Most of it implied how easy for a player is to talk a female child into having sex You see I order one bottle, then I fuck with one model/ Then I order more bottles, now I/ got more models/ Im from that city where them niggaz dont play mayn/ I take a chick to my/ room like caveman/ So ask your girlfriend my name ().33Women are also treated as a symbol of achievement. Hav ing a lot of casual sex proves that you are either a player or have a lot of money. As these seem to be the only means of getting a girl into sexual intercourse in the ghetto Say dog, what kinda nigga be on top of the world?/Million dollar status got me on top of ya girl.34Ability to sexually please a girl is perceived as a symbol of your high status. Below there is an example of how the rappers fondle their ego in that matter While your bitch be crying please dont stop. . . I fuck her like I know you wont./ If thats your bitch, homeboy youd better keep her build she wont stay off my beeper.35The female is used here just to partake in a sexual competition between men. Women cannot be granted any respect from the rappers, as they are described to be as much evoke in heavy drinking, sex, and money as men. The only difference here is that a man allow be positively referred to as a player or a pimp but a girl will be always called a bitch. Lyrics imply that if a girl is being promi scuous and greedy it also justifies the maltreatment she receives from men as in hit song The Gangsta, the Killa, and the Dope Dealer All on the grass marijuana, every bitch passed out/ A first not last, when we all hit the ass.36Women are treated as a commodity which can be consumed, used, passed to someone else and given out I know the pussys mines, Ima fuck a couple more times/ And then Im through with it, theres nothing else to do with it./ Pass it to the homie, now you hit it/ Cause she aint nuthin but a bitch to me.37Prostitutes are the classic example of sexual objectification and exploitation. Such image of a woman is to be enquireed in hip hop music since it has emerged out of ghetto set upting. This theme has been found present in fifth part of the songs analyzed by Kubrin and Weizer.38Prostitution and pimping are celebrated by rappers and sort out as a justifiable means of economic achievement.39These themes do not seem to be taken into consideration by any other music genre. Some rappers to get more credibility claim to have been a literal life pimps ( Ice- T, Snoop Dogg, Jay-Z, K-Luv). Pimping has a broader meaning in hip hop than just managing prostitutes. To pimp something can mean to frequenter it or to accessorize it. The term pimp is often used as a substitute for player, a man who mastered in seducing women or hustlers who show off with their nouveau riche assets40. This kind of a pimp chic imagery is a popular topic among rappers. Some even devote the whole songs to glamourize such lifestyle The fancy cars, the women and the caviar. /You know who we are/cuz were pimpin all over the world.41There is also a number of rap songs in which we can find a lot of references to the standard definition of a pimp man who headhunts and employs prostitutes. Kubrins research takes into account this standard definition and notes that this theme was notice in 20 percent of the misogynistic songs.42Most of them contain the same message that women are good only to sell sex and men can usurp the right to access to their bodiesNo need for rest oasis these hoesLets show em what they pussy made foLets me and you lay in these hoesAnd show em what they pussy made fo .Lets leave without payin these hoesAnd show em what they pussy made fo.43Such images are present even in RNB which is supposed to be focused more on the heartbeat and music than less abundant in explicit lyrical content Ace mizzy get all the hoes. /Gonna teach them shit they want to know. / the likes of fuck that pussy ass 9-4 girl./ Make that bucket a pot of lucky.44These lyrics convey extremely disturbing misogynistic messages especially that hip hop aspires to be considered as a true voice of the urban ghetto. In that case, opinion by the lyrics, the ghetto seems to inhabit pimps, pimps in training and prostitutes. While women are being described as sexual objects, men get the message to harbor the life of a pimp. Women seem to be painted with the same showdown a nd not considered as an individual human beings. The only interaction between these two parties boils down to a scenario of what a pimp would do to a prostitute.Women Not to Be TrustedAnother piece of advice, recurring in many hip hop songs, is the one that a man has to be careful of whom they put trust in. And women seem to be the least trustworthy. According to Kubrin and Weizer almost half of the misogynistic songs exposed such attitude of distrust towards women.45Another fact worth noticing here is that the lack of trust is directed at all women with no exception. All women in general are considered cunning evil creatures. For some rappers a question How could you trust a ho?46is rather a rhetorical one. Others unveil specific reasons why they cant trustem. In a song by a young girl is not only promiscuous but also will sure as shooting lie to you about her age which will get you in cark and most likely put you in prison See nowadays man you got to know these bitches age/ Cau se they ass be real fast when they be goin through that phase. / You fuck a girl thats young, and you gonna end up in the cage.47Women solidarity is criticized. There will be no point in defending yourself as the mother will be on her little girls side Cause her mom aint tryin to hear that you never knew her age.48Not only do women stand up for one another but will also try to get some material wages from you. Some rappers, like Nas, warn that it is a bad idea to force women into having sex, not because of the atrocity of this act, but rape accusation that may come through Dont take the pussy, if she fightin/ Cause you saw what happened to Tupac and Mike Tyson./ Specially if you large famous, some hoes is trife petty/ Get you on a rape charge, have you servin your life.49Despite being convicted of rape, a legendary boxer Mike Tyson and rapper Tupac Shakur, were considered as the most celebrated heroes of the hip hop generation in 1990s. This fact well illustrates the gender confli ct of that generation. During and later the trial, many black male church leaders defended Tyson claiming that the whole process was an attempt of the white supremacist to destroy a well-known black man. The president of the National Baptist convention in the States was suspected for offering a bribe to the Tysons complainant. For a substantial back male part of the society the issue was not about gender but about racism.50This example proves of an extreme solidarity within African American male society. Countless hip hop lyrics strongly reinforce the idea of conspiracy theory that is supposedly drawn by the evil transcription and women. Tyson was accused and sentenced for a date rape on 18- year-old Miss Black Road Island. Tupac Shakur heard the same charges from his groupie whom he forced to have a group sexual intercourse with. These two events may have influenced a number of hip hop artists who eagerly express a lot of distrust in beautiful women. Such attitude against beauti ful women permeates throughout many hip hop songs. It seems to be more than certain these ladies will try to deceive you with their looks and take advantage of you in no time. They are considered by the rappers to be decoys for set up. There are number of songs which describe such procedure You know they women might be the one to set me up. / Wanna get they little brother to wet kill me up/ Bitches be schemin, I kid ya not. / Thats why I keep my windows locked and my Glock cocked.51Another way for women to set men up is to get fraught(p). This seems to be not only the extend to of the rappers, but also a common prejudice among the male in ghetto neighborhoods. Anderson states that to claim a child is against the street code of hit and go along52. The rappers warn their male audience Why plant seeds in a dirty bitch, waitin to trick me?/ Not the life for me.53Owning up to pregnancy means not only breech of the code but also commitment which is condemned by the peers. But the grea test concern of men would be gainful child support I aint lettin nothin leak cause if things leak, then Im a get caught/ And I cant get caught cause you know how they do it about that child support./ Shit, bitches is cold on a nigga who aint got his adventure tight/ Getting 18.5 percent child support payments half your life.54Generally speaking, compendium of child support is a problem in the times of crisis, especially for unqualified African-American workers. A tough choice has to be made, whether to cater for your own needs or your childs. As the money for the children upbringing goes to their mothers pockets, the male frustration and resentment towards women grows. Being bust does not match the image of the self-proclaimed pimp or a player. No more player, no Shorty the PimpI get paid, divert a check and get 40 percent.All the homies talkin bad, hair down, walkin sadGot the broad livin with me, baby sayin DadI could try to mack again but the bitches wont want meCause Im all washed up, broke, fat, and funky.I lost everything that I worked to benever thought Id be a trick, payin hoes to serve me.55The lyrics make it obvious that women cannot be trusted because they are a hazard to men pimps. If they do not get you in prison or ridicule you in drift of your peers and hinder your image of a thug, they well surely drain your pocket. And this is what rappers seem to be the most anxious about. Getting rich ( or die trying by 50Cent)56seems to be the mostly frequent motive of all. And the streets seem to be filled with gold diggers on the prowl only interested in you because of your money Watch the honeys check your style/ Worthless, when they worship, what you purchase./They only see ice diamonds, not me, under the surface/Whats the purpose?57Gold digger by Kanye West may serve as the best example of a song that describes a seductive, yet greedy woman who takes advantage of men.58This type of a woman is mostly feared by those men who climbed up the social ladder, became businessmen, or celebrities and like to show off their recently acquired wealth. They (who?) are considered to be the easiest targets as they feel no limits for dispensing money and boast about their affluence. She (who is she?) is described as a very tricky cutie the bomb. Once she has set her sight on her super rich male target, the first thing she will try to do is charm him by her gorgeous looks, and produce him. She will try to blend in his elite circle to get to him. In no time she will make him spend money on her and her friends and he will do it just to impress her. And if you expect to get a chance with her you would better comply with the rules of her game. Her main close is to secure her life with her preys money. If she fails to drag his feet down the aisle, she will get pregnant just to get secure her life with his money anyway. Oftentimes it happens that after eighteen years of paying the child support the baby turns out to be not his. Whilst men in hi p hop songs do not see anything wrong in taking advantage of women, they seem to fear of getting such favor returned by them. Their concern is also not to get ridiculed in front of other men. If that happens, Kanye West gives them a self explanatory answer back she aint messin wit no broke niggaz.59There is also a message to black women in general in the last stanza of this song. No matter if you are a gold digger or you are being a down to demesne girl and stick to your man regardless of his material status, there is a bad ending for you anyway. If he is ambitious enough, he will get rich sooner or later. However when it happens, he will leave your ass for a white girl. This suggests that white women are ranked high than black women in the hip hop social hierarchy. According to the findings of the meditate on the he effect of images of African American women in hop hop on adolescents sleek hair texture and lighter skin tone would be considered as the main determinants of female attractiveness60. These traits would be most sought for by both male and female who participated in the survey. Also historically these features were used as measures of social, political and economic significance for African Americans. Those who resembled European Americans would be located higher in the American social strata.61Such supposition may have influenced the pursuit of white women by black men. The image of a strong, emasculating black woman versus a pure and submissive Vi