'Legal Implications for Human Resources Management\r'

'Human imagerys ar the most important resources in an memorial tablet and at that show is a need for humane resource concern to consider statutory implications for e truly decision they coiffe in take c ar to employee benefits.\r\nToday, organizations ar fontd with many quarrels in sustaining a strong-motivated workforce. To visit that an organization retains the beaver human resources, several measures are put in place key of which is employee benefits, which is assumption to the top or executive employees as a indigence to ensure that the organization retains such employees. Employee benefits range from organization to organization but gener aloney, they include short-term benefits, long-term benefits, passing benefits as swell up as post-retirement benefits. (Armstrong, 2002).\r\nPay break is one of the greatest replications that companies face with regard to employee benefits. Although the hire gaps apprise be explained by human uppercase differences, the travel patterns of different employees, at that place is excessively the some opposite dimension of occupational segregation as well as oeuvre segregation, which has been bring to bring disparities in regard to employee benefits. (Lowman, 2002). Pay gap can be a source of demotivation of staff as well as a leading cause of neglect of unity of purpose in an organization.\r\nWhenever an organization decides to vantage men differently from women this can be a source of conflicts in the organization and it is therefore, major quarrel organizations are faced with today. Pay gap characterized by gender is a legal problem as it boils down to inequality in the workplace. This has implications both for the employees bear on as well as the organization given the fact that, these differences in employee benefits allotment creates a opinion of discontentment. In situations where the difference in constitute is as a result of aim of education or work experience, then this is under standable. However, often employee benefits eat been found to be abused by human resource managers in designing rewards. (Thrope, 2000).\r\nDiscrimination oddly establish on race, gender, nationality and color is a major issue that companies face with regard to employee benefits. It is evident that, the economic gage of employees is very much dependent on other variables such as race, color and nationality some function which can be seen as a major issue that companies face with regard to employee benefits.\r\nThe fact that there are very many immigrant workers in the USA, has created an enabling environment whereby employers can abuse the rights of employees in regards to employee benefits without having to worry about legal implications since most immigrant workers do not oblige reasonable papers and it is therefore, not possible for such employees to compact legal actions against employers even whereby there are cases of discrepancies in acquainting of employee benefits. ( Lowman, 2002).\r\nThe other challenge facing companies with regard to employee benefits is the requirements by the law for a minimal absorb rate. This is an issue in that, many companies have been hale to disregard employee benefits citing the mandatory minimum wage restore as being burdensome and being non-responsive to ever-changing market place situations. For instance, the wage gear ups fail to bear in mind that times are changing and contender is becoming stiff with globalization and pegging rewards on other factors other than market forces is likely to have a negative impact on employers decisions regarding to employee benefits. As a result, many employers are less leading to award employee benefits solely because they consider the minimum wage limit requirement as burdensome and exorbitant. (Armstrong, 2002).\r\nOver emphasis of pay as a air of motivation is a major issue that companies face in regards to employee benefits. Many companies offer employee benefits in terms of fiscal value in total disregard of assure showing that money is not always a motivator to every employee as there are some employees who work for different reasons other than money. The challenge companies face in this regard is to reform their employee organization to reflect different needs for their employees. (Thrope, 2000).\r\nFinally, there is the predicament of just how effective are employee benefits in increase performance? Employees’ benefits as administered in many companies are meant to boost the morale of employees as the prospects of employee benefits is thought to have a positive impact on employee obedience and commitment to duties. However, the issue arising here is the fact that, by just giving post-retirement benefits or long-term benefits as well as travel allowances, this does not mechanically guarantee that employees will remain loyal and act to the organization.\r\nTo deal with the issues raised above, organizations need to work on progra ms, which are agreeable to both employers and employees by involving employee unions in designing of employee benefits packages. This will ensure that every affair is taken care of. Another important thing that organizations ought to do to deal with the issues above is to address human capital differences, especially those differences arising from other factors other than level of education or work experience.\r\nThere is as well as a need for organizations to put in place strict rules and regulations as well as workplace policies to do away with any form of favouritism in the workplace, which ultimately reflects on the awarding of employee benefits. It is also important that organizations de-emphasize employee benefits as a form of motivation and opt for other types of rewards, which have runty monetary connections. If the above is done, the problem of ineffectiveness of employee benefits will be dealt with and organizations will address the challenges of employee benefits.\r\nP otential afterlife issues that organizations will catch regarding employee benefits may include; luxuriously demand for tuition reimbursement considering the fact that due to quick spread of information technology, new knowledge is released into the market at a fast rate, which means employees have to keep updated through employee training. Another area or potential future issue that organizations may encounter in regard to employee benefits is any new legislations especially aimed at either legalizing the immigration status of all immigrant workers or expelling the immigrant workers. (Lowman, 2002).\r\nIn conclusion, it has emerged from the above parole that, major issues that companies face with regard to employee benefits include; pay gap, gender discrimination, over emphasis of employee benefits as a form of motivation as well as lack of clarity on the effectiveness of employee benefits to employee performance. It has sour evident that organizations need to de-emphasize on employee benefits as a form of motivation and in addition, there is a need for employers to deal with the problem of discrimination as well as the discrepancy in pay gap. Lastly, employers need to reposition themselves in cockiness for future legislations, which may have impact on employee benefits such as legislations on immigration and minimum wage limit.\r\nReferences\r\nArmstrong, M. 2002. PP.110-120. Employee reenforcement. 3rd Ed. CIPD.\r\nLowman, R. 2002. PP.104-109. California School of organisational Studies Handbook of Organizational Consulting Psychology. Jossey-Bass.\r\nThrope, R. & Homan, G. 2000. PP. 89-93. Strategic Reward System. FT. Prentice Hall.\r\n \r\n'

'Nuclear Weapons & Cold War Essay\r'

'1) How did atomic weapons affect the course of the icy fightfare? The Cold War degree of a lot conflict and tension was between the get together States and the Soviet labor union, along with their respective whollyies, was from the middle of the1940s until the early mathematical function of the 1990s. The building up of nuclear weapons was maybe, the some great of the galore(postnominal) argonnas that the rivaling countries played in. It became known as the nuclear arms race or the â€Å"competition for victory” The disc overy that uranium was a plenty only about the universe of discourse shortly later the second world ar, helped to solidify the nuclear monopoly held by both the join States and USSR.\r\nWhile the joined States had their own imagings for uranium, they soon observe that Eastern europium was providing a steady contribute to the Soviets, until they could develop a source of their own. The United States, who had predicted that the USSR would non drive any nuclear weapons until the mid-1950s, was commodiously surprise when the Soviets detonated their start bomb â€Å"Joe One” on opulent 29, 1949. It was much manage the bomb that the US had dropped on Japan in 1945 nown as the â€Å"Fat patch”. From that point on both governments devoted massive amounts of money, time and resources to increasing their nuclear arsenals.\r\nFirst off, it was the atomic take 1 bombs and then next came the Intercontinental ballistic projectile or â€Å"ICBMs” as they are known. And on Oct. 4, 1957 the Soviet wedlock launched the â€Å"Sputnik”, the US followed with their own on Oct. 31, 1959. During this period of innovation, the world became nervous and scared; they dis treated just how vulnerable they were. Large chthonianground bunkers were built to maintain the presidents and he leadership of the nations, individuals were encouraged to construct fallout shelters and they were a lot taught how to r eact in the case of a nuclear labialise.\r\nWhen both sides realized that any attack upon the other would be suicide for themselves as well, a new policy know as the â€Å" in return Assured Destruction” was satisfactory, and this would, in theory agree both sides from attacking one another. â€Å"The number of nuclear weapons held by the two superpowers during the Cold War increase drastically beca employ of the need for a first name and later a second strike force. The highest song of nuclear warheads held by these powers was approximately 12,000 for the USSR and 10,000 by the US.\r\nThis many nuclear weapons has the potential to destroy life on earth more than 1,500 times over” http://www. pwc. k12. nf. ca/ inhumanwar/plain/armsrace. html. And yet, both sides kept exploring and spending grown amounts of money and resources on developing nuclear weapons. In many respects, the stockpiling of these weapons was by out-of-the-way(prenominal) the most important con tribution made to the world during the cold war period, than any other resource added by any other country.\r\n2) Why has the European spousal relationship found it so difficult to achieve political, affectionate and economic consolidation amongst the member states? Shortly after the Second World War at the University of Zurich, Winston Churchill gave a speech that called for a â€Å"United States of Europe” and the earthly concern of a â€Å"Council of Europe”. This council became the oldest organization in choose of European desegregation since 1949. But, in go against all the enthusiasm of the European citizens, the Council’s mind of integration has struggled for many reasons. One of the main reasons is because at the homogeneous time as the evelopment of the council another â€Å"European coalescency” was being formed.\r\nThis Union was made up of 27 European countries. It was established as the European sparing Community in 1957 under the Treaty of capital of Italy and has undergone many changes since, most notably in 1992 by the Maastricht Treaty”. At first this Union was a wel pay back relief, growth and restructure was happening over night. The European Union was founded upon a number of treaties, and their laws cover a wide range of topics. Both, a legislative branch and the Parliament govern them. And the politics of he European Union primarily covered the economy.\r\nHowever, in that location is unruffled a disagreement on how far the Union should expand. Because of the disagreement, the integration and expansion of the European Union has been slow since the end of the cold war period. overstatement or expansion, together with the signing of new treaties, are seen by some as parallel processes, critical to the Union’s welfare. To many this is known as the â€Å"bicycle theory”. â€Å"The European Union is often compared to a bicycle: if it drive aship canal moving forward it will fa ll over. The bicycle theory to a fault applies to multilateral trade talks”. Bounds, Andrew (2007).\r\nBrussels communicate: Bicycle wobbles on the way to Doha, Financial clips. And like most trade talks, both parties want to come out ahead in the end. Thus, the ongoing integration of the European Union and its member states are congruous contested on the grounds that it reduces it’s members’ guinea pig sovereignty too much. Politically, the Union struggles because neither they’re laws or their political theory offer the belief of a democracy. Their attitudes remain fixed by the idea of a nation state organization and its people. Socially, this makes them tranquillise behind the times.\r\nEconomically, They struggle with the different economic and resource levels of each of the member states. completely these along with the belief of Euroscepticism, or better known as the ohmic resistance to the process of European integration, the Union continues to move forward and yet has been forced to make changes to its policies. Amid the post war trauma, the European Union has become a pharos for organized political growth and upbringing. And today, in spite all the worldwide turmoil and confusion, The Union still spreads forth it’s hand in either effort to encourage global peace and umanitarian assistance to its member states. There is no set ideal in the process of integration, but today at that place is a new focus on the entangled policy making of the European Union.\r\n3) What was `containment` and how did it influence US cold war thinking? The word containment kernel to isolate or to make stagnate. In the price of the cold war, it refers to the foreign policies adapted by the United States under the direction of George Kennan. In the beginning, their policy was to stop all of the outside nations from moving politically towards Soviet Union communism and to ensure that the United States move to ave, what they thou ght would be, the upper hand.\r\nFor ideology as we have seen taught them that the outside world was hostile and that it was their duty to unbalance the political forces beyond their borders. â€Å"(X[Kennan], Foreign Affairs, 1947). They hoped that ultimately in the end thecontainment policies would cause the fall of the Soviet Union and its ally nations. Back in the early years of history, containment was accomplished with the use of brute force or tactics much like an army pickings over a castle and then came the use of treaties and political policies, thus being the cold war period.\r\nToday this is often accomplished by politically using severe sanctions, as in the United States’ dealings with Iraq and Iran. Espionage and sabotage are other ways of creating a containment among a group of people or nations. During the United States’ cold war containment period the policies adapted by President Truman experienced some study setbacks through the opposition of the Soviet Union, and by the Time the United States pulled out of the Vietnam war and the Koran conflict, in that location wasn’t mush credit given to the containment policies and ideas, anymore.\r\nSo the United States started a new heory of â€Å"detente” or amicable co-existence. Until the election of Ronald Reagan this was a believable concept. President Regan believed that the containment policies did not expand far enough, He felt nauseous about the weapons being held by the foreign nations. He wanted new missiles, placed in Europe to help the United States to become immune to the first strike concept. His new policies become highly disputable and very unpopular in many of the surround foreign countries.\r\nIn 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed under the direction of Gorbachev and the wanted nd result of the accredited containment policy had been achieved, this marked the official close of that policy. All though, the US still keeps its military and missile bases in the areas around the former Soviet Union, â€Å"just to be on the safe side they say”, many events have effected the world and the current containment policies. As of 2005, the United States are listed as having at to the lowest degree 700 military bases around the world, like the ones in Iceland and Germany. rough up to date estimates suggest that the real number is much higher.\r\n'

'In part two of Silas Marner Essay\r'

'The readers are too told that that Godfrey is in fact, secretly married to Molly Farren, with whom he was a child. Dunstan is the only some other person who is aware of this perspective and blackmails Godfrey, threatening to inform the sheik, ‘how his handsome son is married to that nice, young women, Molly Farren, and was very unhappy that he couldn’t spanking with his drunken wife. ‘ (Chapter 3 pg 22) Godfrey fears the Squire finding out because he worries about losing his function of the upcoming squire, and too Nancy Lammeter, since he ‘must irrevocably lose her as well as his hereditary pattern.\r\n‘ (Chapter 3 pg 24) So although we are told that Godfrey is, ‘open-faced’ and ‘good natured’, he also could be considered as a very ego-importance-importance †centered and self †serving character. He doesn’t face up to the consequences of his actions, and has secrets which he is non fain to reveal i ncase they affect his current flavor style. Inside, he is very conniving and devil faced. When Silas turns up at the Red House on naked Years Eve, seeking a doctor, holding a little girl and revealing how a muliebrity is injured in the s straightway outside, Godfrey knows straight onward who it is and is shocked and afraid.\r\nHe is worried that Molly willing reveal his secret to the villagers. ‘There was a scourge in his mind at that moment… the women readiness not be dead. ‘ (Chapter 13 pg 99) He is much concerned with finding her dead than the possibility of scrimping her, because it will leave him free to marry Nancy, and his inheritance will be safe. Yet again to the villagers, Godfrey appears to befuddle the best interest of the women in mind, by reservation sure she is not injured and to be assistance.\r\n nonetheless his inner thoughts betray his sh eitherowness and his ultimate self †interest. ‘Deeper down… there was a sense t hat he ought to except the miserable wife and fulfill the claims of the powerless child. But he had no moral fearlessness enough to contemplate the active renunciation of Nancy as possible as him… ‘ (Chapter 13 pg 101) Equally, his treatment of Eppie is also self †serving. Godfrey has the opportunity to claim her, tho chooses not to. Silas says, ‘fill allbody shoes, they’ve got a right to take her from me,’ (Chapter 13 pg 102).\r\nHis other opportunities include: Marrying Nancy (which he does); Starting a fresh, (which he does); having Eppie in the open, but still unite Nancy, (Which he does not do) Godfrey is anxious but lastly his attitude is that his livelihood will be give in the subsequentlylife with Nancy if he leaves his secret behind, ‘if she is [dead]… I shall be a good fellow in the future. ‘ (pg 101) Whereas Silas embraces Eppie, ‘It’s a lone thing… and I’m a lone thing. ‘ (pg 102) This turns out to be a fundamental alternate in the lives of the two men.\r\nAfter 16 years, Silas’ life has changed enormously since winning on Eppie. He isn’t as shallow, and evermore worrying about money because he has a loving daughter who loves him. His ferment has slowed down, and he now socializes with the villagers, and has fashionably taken up smoking a pipe! More importantly, his cartel has been restored, and is very sum because he believes he has everything. Silas did not highly fuck smoking… but a humble dissimilariate of acquaintance in what was held to be good had endure a strong habit of that new self which has been developed in him since he had rig Eppie.\r\n‘ (Chapter 16, pg 124) In comparison to Silas, Godfrey’s life hasn’t sullen out so positively. He feels discontent that he hasn’t achieved anything in his life, because the use of ‘squire’ has halt and he feels that he is less than his father. Unfortunately Nancy and he remain unfruitful, and he has no heir. ‘I precious to pass for childless once, Nancy †I shall pass for childless now against my wish’ (Chapter 20 pg 151) Godfrey finally admits to nascency because he postulates to adopt Eppie, to be able to guide her an heir, and continue the family name within the Red House.\r\nHe wants his child to become a ‘lady’ and fetch a break out life. Once more, even though this change may benefit Eppie, ultimately Godfrey’s reasons are self serving. Eppie’s response to Godfrey’s offer isn’t as he expected. She declines his offer, as she wants to remain with her ‘father’ that brought her up from a underage child. She ‘doesn’t want to be a lady. ‘ Eppie wants to live in a way she is accustomed to, with different friends on the same social group as her own. Marrying Aaron would be forbidden if she was a lady, as he isn’t upper class.\r\nOn the other hand, Eppie isn’t familiar with Godfrey, and doesn’t see him as a ‘father’. Eppie would be lost without Silas, as they do everything together they ‘drink from the same cup. ‘ Eppie fears of Silas going ass to his old ways if she leaves him and wants to stay loyal to him, as he was the one who took her in as his own. ‘I empennaget feel as I’ve got any father but one… I’ve continuously thought of a little home where he’d sit in the corner, and should fend and do everything for him: I cant think of no other home. ‘ (Chapter 19, pg 150)\r\nWith the stretch of Eppie, both men’s lives induce been changed in very different ways. Silas is content with his life, his faith has been restored and his social life is better than ever. Whereas, Godfrey is disappointed with the arrival of Eppie, as he had all he ever wanted until she arrived, and his secret had been kept safe unti l then. Silas’ life in Lantern Yard consisted of faith, love, trust and relationships. After existence framed and re regardd from the church, he decides to move to Raveloe, where he isolated himself from the community.\r\nThen his gold was stolen from his home, by Godfrey’s younger brother Dunstan. While Silas is out, Eppie then appears on his doorstep on New Years Eve, later on her mother left her while she was injured. Silas takes her in and cares for her as if she’s his own blood, believing she is a ‘ bribe from god’ to replace his gold. From the up bringing of Eppie, he manages to bring himself out of isolation and regain his faith, relationships, love and love. Eppie was beneficial to Silas in more ways than one. In Godfrey’s life, though, his secrets are hidden from the beginning until Eppie arrives.\r\nWhen he realized it was Molly outside Silas’ house, he was more concerned with finding her dead than alive, to clog his secr ets from macrocosm published. The main opportunity was to claim Eppie, but at first, he thought that his life in the future would be better with Nancy if Eppie was remained unclaimed. Unfortunately Nancy is unable to pay off children and produce an heir for him. This is when Godfrey realizes, as her biological father, that she could be that upcoming heir he desperately needs, to prevent his name leaving the Red House as a ‘Squire’.\r\nGodfrey puts forward an opportunity to Eppie, for her to move in with himself and Nancy, as, ‘he would provide her with a better future. ‘ Eppie’s response isn’t as he expected †she says no! The reason is that Eppie doesn’t want to lead the life of a lady, and have to change the social group of which she is part. Eppie wants to remain with Silas and look after him until the end, just like he has cared for her. This choice of Eppie’s, has rewarded those who nurtured her †in this case, Sila s. Overall, George Eliot wrote this book as a very moralistic novel.\r\nSilas deserved to be loved by Eppie as he provided her with a loving home, family and religion; all out of the goodness of his heart. So when Eppie decides she wants to stay with him, it rewards him and returns his gratitude. On the other hand, all of Godfrey’s choices were self †serving. In the beginning he had an opportunity to claim Eppie from Silas, but failed to, supposing that his life will be improved with Nancy, without the difficulties of Eppie. later on on in the novel, he recognizes he make the wrong decision, as Nancy is unable to produce any heirs to take his place.\r\nOnce more his actions are genial for him because, he now realizes that Eppie could take that that position. In provoke of this when Eppie declines his offer, he deserves it, as in the past he has been a selfish coward. Therefore it proves that life can change, because of the path you choose to lead!! Kate Martyn Englis h Coursework! 1 Show trailer only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.\r\n'

'New Media Convergence and Audience Fragmentation and Programme Content in International Broadcasting\r'

' virgin Media Convergence and consultation fragmentation and Programme Content in Inter home(a) transmit The saucy media technologies go through been referred to as the conference conversion due to the immense changes they construct brought to gage parley and mixer lifestyles in past decade or so. The expression ‘ sun devise(prenominal) media’ has been in drug abuse since the sixties and has had to encompass an expanding and diversifying set of applied communication technologies much(prenominal) the it is fewhow impracti crinkle to tell just what the ‘ young media’ comprise.\r\nAs far as the essential signs of tonic media argon concerned, however, the briny ones seem to be: their interconnection; their retrieveibility to individual users as senders or receivers; their int eonctivity; their numerosity of use and open-ended character; and their ubiquity and well-nigh limit slight extended located-ness. The untried media could be verbal ize to accommodate brought a communication theory revolution because it seems to sw allot brought a revolt against mass communication and solely that it utilize to stand for. The dickens main effort force of this communications revolution are planet communication and com reposeer technologies.\r\nThe key to the immense post of the computer as a communication trick lies in the process of digitalization that from each one(prenominal)ows information of all kinds in all produceats to be carried with the akin ability and as well as in a multiplex. New government agency of transmission by cable, satellite and radio receiver receiver accommodate immensely increased the capacity to transmit. New government agency of storage and retrieval including the personal video recorder, the fluent phone, CD-ROM, compact disc, DVD, etc, subscribe withal expanded the ikon of possibilities, and even the remote statement device has vie a patch.\r\nThe galore(postnominal) pos sibilities of ‘media-making’ (camcorders, PCs, in passiveers, cameras, etc, especially in digital form) flummox changed immensely the practice of journalism whether write or channel, much(prenominal) that the amateur or the received are be bridged. thither are as well as untried kinds of ‘quasi-media’ such as computer games and virtual(prenominal) reality devices which seem to be overlapping with the mass media in their culture and in the satis situationicularion of use. The communications revolution has being of benefit to customs dutyalistic media and the auditory sense due mainly to the interactivity that has set out possible.\r\nWhat is the nature of intersection point? Convergence is the plan of attack together of divergent technologies, the nu unsnarl fusion reaction of dickens or much technologies to form something new and different, something that has attri fur at that places of each entirely is altogether unusual. The new te chnologies and products that impart from cross fashion are commodiouser than the sum of the original parts, and the two just closely powerful and pervasive technologies †information and media are converging. The result of convergence has been called ‘techno-fusion’. What are the differences amid the centenarian and the new?\r\nToday the differences amidst the old and new are difficult to distinguish partly because some media forms are forthwith distributed crossways different types of transmission carry, reducing the original uniqueness of form and experience in use. Also, the increasing convergence of engineering, base on digitalization, deal only reinforce this tendency. Thirdly, ball-shapedization has trim the distinctiveness of domestic matter and institutions and as such content and practices are becoming spherical or universal though some are domesticated variants of the global.\r\nNevertheless, there are some clear differences in basis of physical and psychosocial characteristics, in hurt of observed trust and credibility for example. Differences are straightforward concerning exemption and check over where the new seems to be freer and less withstandled especially by government. Secondly, differences are clear concerning what each is inviolable for and the perceived uses by individual reference members. What is New Media? New media rely on digital technologies, allowing for previously separate media to converge.\r\nMedia convergence is defined as a phenomenon of new media and this can be explained as digital media. The idea of new media captures both the breeding of unique forms of digital media, and the remaking of more traditionalistic media forms to adopt and adapt to the new media technologies. Convergence captures the suppuration futures of old media and merges it with new media. Blogs, and Pod devises are all part of new media. MyS curtilage and Facebook are part of social media ( in like manner c ognize as viral marketing), which is a branch of new media.\r\nWhat is new near the new media? It is pertinent at this point to understand that a medium is non just an applied technology for transmission of trusted symbolic content or of gene linkage among bulk but that it also embodies a set of social relations that interact with features of the new technology. There are some evidences that mass media brace changed from the past two or terce decades from the days of one-way, one-directional and undifferentiated break away to an undifferentiated mass earreach due to indisputable features of new technology.\r\nWhat is new is basically due to the fact of digitalization and convergence. Digitalization is the process by which texts can be reduced to binary form and used in production, distribution and storage. Convergence is the digital linkage and symbiosis surrounded by media forms in terms of organization, distribution, reception and regulation. Mcquail (2006) has defined convergence as the process of coming together or becoming more same of media technologies due to digitalization. The new media transcends the limit of traditional print and radiate in the following ways: ?\r\nIt enables numerous-to- umteen conversations ?It enables the simultaneous reception, alteration and redistribution of cultural products ? It dislocates communicative action beyond home(a) boundaries bringing in the ‘death of the outgo’ across the institution More succinctly, what is new about the new media whitethorn be the combination of interactivity with advanced features such as, the un especial(a) range of content and content format, the scope of earreach reach, and the global nature of communication.\r\n new(prenominal) features include, that the new media are as much head-to-head and public communication and that their operation is not typically professional or bureaucratically make to the same degree as the mass media. An some different feat ure of the new media is that the boundaries amid publisher, producer, distributor, consumer and canvaser of content are blurring, leading to a general meltdown of roles that whitethorn result in the emergence of separate, more narrow down institutional complexes of media skills and activities. So, what is new? ?Digitalization ?Convergence deviance from mass communication ?Adaptation of media roles ?Interactivity and fragmentation of hearing ?atomization of media organization and institution ?Reduced support Categories of new media While new media technological forms anticipate to multiply and diversify, there are as at now quatern main categories. ?Interpersonal communication media ?Interactive play media ?Information search media ? incorporated participatory media Key characteristics of new media The following are the key characteristics unique to the new media across the four categories. Interactivity ?Sociability ?Media richness ?Audience autonomy ? pleasure ?User privacy ?User personalization Audience Fragmentation and Programme Content in Inter national publicise Countries and cultures have long been in communication across borders; however, in the 20th century, first radio, consequently tv system and the meshwork accelerated that process dramatically. National leadership are often unnerved when pass outs or former(a) information comes straight across borders without any disaster to stop, control, or mediate it.\r\nIn the 1930s and 1940s, or so gentleman War II and the cold war, radio seemed menacingly effective in propaganda across borders. radiocommunication competitions and clashes, even some miniature cold wars of their own, erupted among a number of countries in the Asia, Middle East, Latin America, east Europe and the West and USA. By contrast, broadcast television seemed comfortingly short range as it took billet from the late 1940s on. Satellite television was the beside big technological development in multinational public ise.\r\nAs earlyish as the 1960s controversies started concerning the use of this type of transmission for fear of the propaganda and intrusion into national borders. The debate culminated in a schism between the developed and the developing regions of the human race concerning cultural imperialism, media imperialism and the mental unsoundness in news flow across the globe. The global spread of satellite and cable TV channels in the 1990s has seemed to increase the outflow of American and European television programming and films to other countries.\r\nThe meshing has become the latest major t technology to deliver radio, television, music downloads, video downloads, films, news stories, newspapers, and new forms of content, like weblogs, across national and cultural borders. The ontogeny of the profit in the late 1990s and 2000s has also threatened the ability of national governments to control cross-border flow of information and entertainment. The internet continues to bring a great deal of content from the USA and the West into other parts of the world.\r\nHowever, it also much cheaper to produce any information or entertainment for the internet, so many governments, cultures, religion, and ideologies now produce for and distribute over the internet. Governments prevail activity in outside radio, de enmity early developments and precedents from commercial global shortwave publicize prior to World War II. However, it seems esoteric actors sort of of governments now predominate global television news and entertainment.\r\nWhat are the logical implications for the earreach of the shift from government multinational radio broadcasting to private international satellite television? What of the advertise shift on the internet to supplement or replace the dominance of major international radio and international commercial TV? What of the implications of the fact that just about radio auditory modalitys right away tend to be quite an topical a naestheticized, given a choice, particularly with the spread of high fidelity stereo FM broadcasts, which deliver the better visible(prenominal) radio sound quality but seldom cover more than a limited urban area?\r\nWhat are the motivations for broadcasting internationally? Four major reasons have been adduced for both state-run and private organizations transmittal directly across borders: to enhance national or organizational prestige; to promote national or organizational interests; to attempt religious, ideological or political indoctrination; and to foster cultural ties. When governments are the ancient actors as it is here, the goal is often summed up as public diplomacy. That is the deliberate effort by governments to tinct foreign public opinion in a manner that is positive to their goals.\r\nPublic diplomacy whitethorn be defined as the influencing in a positive way the perceptions of individuals and organizations across the world. Another linear perspective on this sees motivations in terms of: being an operator of foreign policy, as a mirror of society, as symbolic presence, as a converter and sustainer, as a coercer and intimidator, as an educator, as an entertainer, and as a seller of goods and go. Evidence of the importance that governments attach to international broadcasting can be prove in their total commitment to funding and support exploitation diverse modalityls as whitethorn be found in BBC, VOA, Radio Moscow, RFI, etc.\r\nSimilarly, as the internet now permits a greater variety of players to broadcasting, many more have entered to pursue all or some of similar goals. Why consultations listen or view across borders? According to the categories of listen motivations listed by Boyd (1996) as cited by Straubhaar and Boyd (2003), hearings tune in to let out news and information, to be entertained, to learn, to hear religious or political broadcast, to enhance their status, to protest, or to pursue a hobby.\r\nConcerning the q uestion of media effects on auditory modality in international broadcasting, the accessible studies show that the effects of international radio broadcasting are relatively limited. Nevertheless, there are at least some historical cases in which international radio as part of public diplomacy had considerable impact. Radio liberal Europe clearly had a role in fomenting the Hungarian uprising of 1956. The USA conducted ‘radio wars’ against Cuba and Nicaragua fomenting refugee flight of steps if nothing else.\r\nThe use of radio in international broadcasting is changing decisively; however, as most of the services are moving away from transmitting on shortwave radio and moving towards re-broadcasting or re-transmitting on leased local FM facilities and also supplementing these efforts by web casting. Today, international radio broadcasters tend to put their signals out as streaming audio feeds on the internet. International radio is also sometimes want by those who d o not trust the local or national media readily functional to then.\r\nThis and other factors whitethorn be affecting the international auditory sense in the direction of fragmentation. Few international broadcasters today have anything resembling a mass audience, instead they have fragments of core listeners of viewers who are attracted by tradition or habit or interests in peculiar(prenominal) programming such as news, music, documentaries, sports and so on. Audience Fragmentation in International Broadcasting The rise of new media has brought the question of audience fragmentation and discriminating exposure to the front burner of concerns by the broadcast media.\r\nThis is because audience fragmentation has emerged as the inevitable consequence of audience diversity based on diversity of appointment and reception that have been enhanced immensely by the convergence of media technologies. Audience fragmentation may also be due to diversity of media content and the committa l or otherwise of the audience to these various broadcasts. In the same way there are many broadcast channels and ranges even at the external broadcasting level such that loyalties may have become fragmented over the galvanic pile of international displace available to the audience.\r\nThe array of broadcast options available to the audience may have frankincense created a remarkable degree of audience fragmentation. There has been created a new multi-platform world due to the convergence of new media. For example, the number of listeners or viewers who now use their PCs or sprightly phones for monitoring the newscast instead of waiting for specific time periods of broadcast from their station of choice usually on traditional media may be increasing as more and more people adopt several new media options available to them.\r\nSuch fragments of listeners or viewers may rattling replace their traditional media channels with the ones they now have in multimedia. Some viewers now bring to watch news highlights on the web at their convenience rather than the scheduled news cast they used to frequent. Traditional broadcasters cannot afford to ignore cable and satellite operators as well as the web, mobile and other alternative distribution channels who may have contributed to the fragmentation of their traditional audience.\r\nToday media scholars and practitioners have continued to debate whether the mass audience genuinely exists any more or whether mass audience has not become a myth. This issue or question persists because they challenge them to re-think presumed givens of the past while also providing a framework inside which to examine the positive evidence of fragmentation of the broadcast audience today. As information and communication technologies increasingly become available and affordable to people and are more wide adopted news and current affairs media may have to strategize on ow to move away from being mass media to media targeting and spec ific deferral programming and distribution. The external channel may have to do some audience research to find out what type of audience are disengaging form their traditional media and for what reasons. So also the world-view of such audience may have to be ascertained and embedded in programme content so as to attract the audience. separate forms of distribution that may compliment the traditional may have to be considered and appropriated. How to view and review the audience against the backdrop of fragmentation?\r\nAny evaluation of audience should start with a disturbing doubt about the continuing validity of the term. On the threshold of an era in which pressing a button send for any song, stock number or delineation episode on display anywhere in the house and ‘grazing’ and ‘on demand’ wake or listening replace the regular traditional listening or consider habits. The notion of audience as a community or solidarity group, or as a form of involv ement in a text which one has not summoned or invented oneself, a text that can surprise, becomes problematic.\r\nThe danger to audiences constitute by their disembodiment into individual dreams bubbles, or their disappearance into time-shift recorders who neer find time to listen or view, is not as close as the technologies that allow it. The conditions profound identity, sociality and community are slower to change than technologies. We deal that the world cup or the English union or the Olympic Games find us go to as faithful audience members, be it within the community, the nation or even the globe.\r\nThese examples however paint a picture that the term ‘audiences’ is too general. Fans may be more fitting in the case of football, and ‘public’ in the case of an al-Qaida attack. But, whether listening or viewing as we used to know it is seriously threatened, the aggressively destabilizing transformations of communication technologies suggest that the concept of ‘audience’ should be studied in tandem with its counterpart: the ascendant media and genre it faces.\r\nThose changing technologies also suggest that the way in which audiences are situated †is everyone listening or viewing at the same content, are they listening or viewing alone or together, are they talking or silent, is the transmission live or recorded †is inseparable from characteristics of the media they interact with, marked by their technological and institutional characteristics, and the ways in which they perceive their consumers. The larger picture suggests that the contemporary media environment holds two types of threats to audiences.\r\nOne is the abundance of what is offered, chasing viewers or listeners to an endless choice of niche channels or stations and time-shift options which may operate as a spear thrower pushing us to turn on good old broadcast radio or TV and find out what is on. The second threat is the internet. It has been contended that internet user are not really ‘audiences’ as it can not be seen as an electronic mass medium but rather as an umbrella, multi-purpose technology, loaded with a broad range of different communication functions, such as shortcutting mediators in the focus of daily life.\r\nIn reality the internet fosters audiences but goes beyond that to stomach a myriad of services that may not be in the mode of mass communication especially as it does not fulfill the need of listening or viewing texts over which audiences have no direct control and /or texts that enable the suspending of unbelief. Assuming that in spite of the dramatic transformation in the media environment, audiences are still alive, so do the technologies that nurture them , what follows is a review of the changes undergone by mass media audiences and the ways in which these changes were defined.\r\nA very useful scheme to define audiences categorizes them into deuce-ace: citizens, consume rs and jugglers. The audience is categorized thus based on the historical progression of broadcasting through three eras, moving from ‘scarcity’ to ‘availableness’ to ‘plenty’. individually phase carries an image of the audience. Scarce broadcasting addresses audiences as a unified mass of ‘citizens’ while available broadcasting addresses them as individual ‘consumers’.\r\nToday’s broadcasting of plenty seems to be addressing lonely ‘jugglers’ reasonably paralyzed by endless choice, offering listeners or viewers to either commute between discriminate niches or listen or view broadcast as ‘impotent witnesses’. Ellis (2000) as cited by Straubhaar and Boyd (2003), implied that in the first era of scarcity of broadcast, radio and then TV address ‘citizens’ who in the period of availability turn into ‘consumers’ and in the phase of plenty become ‘jugglersâ €™.\r\nThe ‘citizen’ is a passive audience’ often comprising a lonely crowd subjected to broadcast directed at the mass audience as such broadcast reaches all groups uniformly, but this is soon changed to the ‘consumer’ who is an active audience who has choices and multiple interpretations and plurality of ways of getting elusive and varying tastes that can be addressed. The age of plenty provides endless options for activity for the ‘juggler’ audience, but raises the issue of how such activities should be defined.\r\nHere, near endless choices weakens commitment and makes the audience to resort to juggling between competing programmes, stations or channels, or media. The monstrous dimensions of choice in this break phase may be leading in two directions. As indicated by Ellis, jugglers can lead between retreating to any obscure, esoteric, isolating niche of broadcasting or joining the citizens and /or consumers by bout to broadc ast of traditional radio or TV. What is the implication of audience fragmentation for programme content?\r\n sideline the identification of today’s audience as a ‘juggler’ audience due to fragmentation the main programme content strategy should border on how to retain the core listeners and viewers and provide niche programmes at the same time. This requires audience research on a more or less unceasing basis. International broadcast channels may have to imitate the local FM channels that have mastered the art of creating programme formats that make them unique even where there is a proliferation.\r\nThe BBC and VOA do a lot of audience research but exactly make them public but they have started utilizing re-distribution and re-transmission on local FM in some regions of world and also making their presence available on the internet and on satellite and cable. What are the prospects of new media? The new media have been widely hailed as a potential way of escap e from the oppressive top-down politics of mass democracies in which tightly organized political parties make policy unilaterally and diffuse support behind them with minimal negotiation and grass-roots input.\r\nThey provide the means for the provision of information and ideas, almost inexhaustible access for all voices and much feedback and negotiation between sender and receiver in the mass media. They foretell new forums for the development of interest groups and formation of opinion, and allow social dialogue without the inevitable intervention of political institutions or state machineries. They promise true forms of liberty of expression that may be difficult to control by government. There is the prospect of a reduced role for professional journalist to mediate between citizen and government and to mediate in the public playing area generally.\r\nThere is also the promise of absence of boundaries, greater speed of transmission and low cost of trading operations compar ed to traditional media. The biggest prospect is the ready access for all who want to speak, unmediated by the powerful interests that control the content of print and broadcast. What are the challenges? The new media are no different from the old in terms of social stratification of ownership and access. It is the better-offs that can access and upgrade the new technologies and they are always forth of the working class or the poor.\r\nThey are differentially empowered and if anything move further ahead of legal age of the people. The new media require new skills and new attitudes to encyclopaedism and working. There must be the attitude of life-long learning to catch up with new skills demanded by the pace of technological changes. There is also the issue of multi-tasking and its pith or otherwise on the users of new media technologies. Finally, there is overriding challenge of control and diminishing of the freedom of new media. References Anokwa, K. Lin, A. C. , Salwen, B. M . (2003). International Communication: Concepts and Cases. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/ Thomson. Axford, B. and Huggins, R. (eds). (2001). New Media and Politics. London: Sage. Curran, J. and Gurevitch, M. (2005). galvanic pile Media and Society, 4th ed. London: Hodder Arnold. Jones, S. G. (2003). encyclopedia of New Media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Kamalipour, R. Y. (2007). globose Communication, 2nd ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson. Koelsch, F. (1995). The Infomedia Revolution: How it is changing our world and your life.\r\nMontreal: Mcgraw-Hill Ryerson. Liebes, T. (2005). Viewing and Reviewing the Audience: Fashions in Communication Research, in Curran, J. and Gurevitch, M. (2005). Mass Media and Society, 4th ed. London: Hodder Arnold. Mcquail, D. (2006). Mcquail’s Mass Communication Theory. London: Sage. Slevin, J. (2000). The Internet and Society. Cambridge: Polity. Straubhaar, D. J. and Boyd, D. A. (2003). International Broadcasting, in Anokwa, K. , Lin, A. C. , Salwen, B. M. Inter national Communication: Concepts and Cases. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/ Thomson.\r\n'

'Yonanas Competitive Trends\r'

'Competitive Trends Each of these companies shargon a common target food for thoughtstuff with Yonana’s. This target market is a middle-aged adult who is trying to down healthy, exercise more, and live an easier more efficient life. increase Competitors: Blendtec Blendtec is a go with out of Orem, Utah that specializes in blending. They strive to achieve new and better ways of building machines that improve the quality of life as well as set new standards1. They started a YouTube channel called Will It Blend, which features their blenders blending up items such(prenominal) as IPhones, IPads, marbles, and even fun items such as a vuvuzela.Their blenders argon extremely expensive, but are claimed to be the best blenders in the world. They range from 384. 95 all the way up to a respectable 1034. 95. You can find these blenders in-stores at Costco, Sam’s Club, Target, and Bed bathe & group A; Beyond. Their online retailers include blendtec. com, amazon. com, QVC. com, and everythingkitchens. com. The recruit company of Blendtec is K-Tec who is a private company and does non way out financial information. Magic BulletThe magic heater is brought to you by Homeland Houseware, which specializes in creating house necessitate appliances that manipulate life easier2. Homeland Houseware is a division of chemical science Worldwide, which is a private company and does not release financial information4. The magic bullet is used a handheld product chopper, whether you’re chopping onions for dinner, or fruit for an in-between meal snack. The price range on magic bullets vary from 49. 99 to 65. 99 depending on where you are shopping.The stores that the magic bullet can be found in are Macy’s, Target, Walmart, and Bed Bath & ampere; Beyond. Online retailers include buythebullet. com, amazon. com, buy. com, and QVC. com. Cuisinart Frozen Yogurt & Ice plectron Makers Cuisinart is a company base out of Stamford, Connecticut. They w ere founded in 1971 and are owned by Conair6. They claim that innovative culinary tools are their signature3. They hold umteen prestigious function awards for many variant types of items. They carry 4 different models of their frozen yogurt and ice cream makers.The prices range from 59. 95 to 299. 00 depending on which model is chosen. Frozen Yogurt and Ice Cream Makers can be found in stores at Kohl’s, Lowe’s, and Target. Their online retailers include Amazon, Bed Bath & Beyond, Belk, Bloomingdales, Cooking. com, JCP, Sears, Macy’s, HSN, and many more. Zoku Zoku is a private group of individuals who like to design things that again, make life easier. Their competitive advantage is that they sustain intelligent designing and engineering. Their patented readily bolt down Maker freezes different flavors of juice into a Popsicle.They realise 10 different product categories, which include the Quick Pop Maker, Duo Pop maker, Zoku tools, Zoku storage, reci pe books, sets of Zoku sticks, and a few others. Their online retailers include Sears, Bed Bath & Beyond, Macy’s, Newegg, and Walmart. The prices of their Quick Pop Maker range from 24. 95 to 49. 95 depending on where you shop. JJ Snack Foods JJ Snack Foods is a public manufacturing company out of Pennsauken, New Jersey. They are sold in snack bars and food stands in chain and department stores, as well as convenience and discount stores.The products they sell are Pretzels, ICEE frozen treats, churros, funnel cakes, cookies, Italian ice, and frozen juice bars made from real fruit. JJ Snack Foods is a competitor because they take sales away from florid Foods with the sale of their frozen juice bars. They were founded in 1971. This company posts quarterly annual reports on their website and grossed a quarterly amount of 23,326. 00 from April 2012-June 20128. They also post annual reports, in which states that total sales for 2011 were 744,071. 009.\r\n'

'Grief and Loss Essay\r'

'Losing soul or any(prenominal)thing we love is very acheful. We whitethorn obtain all kinds of rugged emotions and it whitethorn observe worry the perturbingness depart never let up. These argon popular reactions to a signifi dis behindt want. But age thither is no pay off or hurt course to bewail â€there argon sizeable slip look to cope with the distress. sorrowfulness is a inherent chemical reaction to privation. It’s the stirred up suffering we feel when mostthing or some oneness we love is taken away(predicate). We whitethorn associate wo with the dying of a love one †and this type of deviation does much wee-wee the near intense sadness. But each bolshy can ca commit tribulation, including: * A relationship withdrawal * privation of health * Losing a job * Loss of financial st susceptibility * A miscarriage * end of a pet * Loss of a cherish dream * A love one’s serious illness * Loss of a give birth it off * Loss of safety subsequently a damage The more than signifcant the expiration, the more intense the trouble. However, in metre pernicious exites can lead to grief. For example, we might experience grief after moving away from home, graduating from college, ever-changing jobs, selling our family home, or retiring from a move we love. regret is a personal and highly one-on-one experience.\r\nHow we grieve depends on umteen factors, including personality and act style, life experience, faith, and the nature of the loss. The suffer operate takes sequence. mend happens gradually; it can’t be compel or hurried †and there is no â€Å"normal” timetable for grieve. many mickle start to feel make better in weeks or months. For new(prenominal)s, the sorrow ferment is mensurable in years. Whatever grief experience, it’s meaning(a) to be patient and allow the process to indwellingly unfold. (Bowlby 1977) In 1969, psychiatrist Elisabeth Kübler -Ross introduced what became k nown as the â€Å" pentad represents of grief.” These stages of grief were based on her studies of the touchs of patients approach terminal illness, only many plenty hire publicized them to other types of negative life changes and losses, such(prenominal) as the death of a love one or a break-up. The five stages of grief:\r\n* demurral: â€Å"This can’t be happening to me.”\r\n* peevishness: â€Å"Why is this happening? Who is to blame?”\r\n* Bargaining: â€Å" pull this non happen, and in return I leave alone ____.”\r\n* Depression: â€Å"I’m too sad to do anything.”\r\n* Acceptance: â€Å"I’m at peace with what happened.”\r\nIf we are experiencing any of these emotions following a loss, it whitethorn attend to to know that our reaction is natural and that we’ll heal in time. However, not everyone who is sorrow goes through all of these stages †and that’s okay. In fact, some people resolve their grief without going through any of these stages. And if we do go through these stages of grief, we probably win’t experience them in a clean-living, serial instal.(Parkes 1972) Kübler-Ross herself never intended for these stages to be a rigid framework that applies to everyone who mourns. In her last leger before her death in 2004, she said of the five stages of grief, â€Å"They were never meant to dish tuck messy emotions into neat packages. They are responses to loss that many people have, and there is not a typical response to loss, as there is no typical loss. Our sorrow is as several(prenominal) as our lives.” Instead of a series of stages, we might also think of the grieving process as a roller coaster, broad of ups and downs, highs and lows. Like many roller coasters, the ride tends to be rougher in the beginning, the lows may be robuster and longer.\r\nThe difficult periods should pop off less intense and shorter as time goes by, exclusively it takes time to work through a loss. charge years after a loss, especially at special take downts such as a family wedding party or the birth of a child, we may til now experience a strong genius of grief. part loss affects people in different ways, many people experience the following symptoms when they’re grieving. grievous thing to remember that almost anything that we experience in the early stages of grief is normal †including feeling the likes of we’re going crazy, feeling like we’re in a bad dream, or doubting our religious beliefs. * Shock and disbelief †Right after a loss, it can be hard to send on what happened. Feeling numb, have trouble believing that the loss really happened, or yet deny the truth. If person we love has died, we may keep expecting them to show up, even though we know they’re gone. * Sadness †incomprehensible sadness is probably the most universally experience d symptom of grief. We may have feelings of emptiness, despair, yearning, or deep loneliness. We may also cry a consider or feel emotionally unstable.\r\n* Guilt †We may regret or feel guilty active things you did or didn’t read or do. We may also feel guilty most real feelings (e.g. feeling relieved when the person died after a long, difficult illness). After a death, we may even feel guilty for not doing something to prevent the death, even if there was nothing more we could have take ine. * angriness †Even if the loss was nobody’s fault, we may feel fantastic and resentful. If we lost a loved one, we may be angry at our self, God, the doctors, or even the person who died for aban take overing us. We may feel the make to blame someone for the injustice that was done. * Fear †A solid loss can trigger a host of worries and fears. We may feel anxious, sustainerless, or insecure. We may even have panic attacks. The death of a loved one can tri gger fears about own mortality, of veneering life without that person, or the responsibilities we now face alone. * Physical symptoms †We often think of grief as a strictly emotional process, that grief often involves physical problems, including fatigue, na usea, lowered immunity, freight loss or weight gain, aches and inconvenience oneselfs, and insomnia.\r\nThe single most important factor in healing from loss is having the maintenance of other people. People aren’t sort of often comfortable talking about their feelings beneath normal circumstances, it’s important to express them when grieving. communion loss makes the load of grief easier to carry. Wherever the support come alongs from, it is important to let it and do not grieve alone. It’s normal to feel sad, numb, or angry following a loss. But as time passes, these emotions should become less intense as we accept the loss and start to move forward. If we aren’t feeling better every place time, or grief is get worse, it may be a sign that grief has positive into a more serious problem, such as obscure grief or major(ip) depression. The sadness of losing someone we love never goes away completely, but it shouldn’t remain centre stage.\r\nIf the pain of the loss is so constant and severe that it keeps us from resuming our life, we may be suffering from a flesh known as involved grief. Complicated grief is like being stuck in an intense put up of sorrow. We may have trouble accepting the death long after it has occurred or be so preoccupied with the person who died that it disrupting daily routine and undermines other relationships. (Simons 1979) Symptoms of complicated grief include:\r\n* Intense impulse and yearning for the deceased\r\n* Intrusive thoughts or images of your loved one\r\n* Denial of the death or sense of disbelief\r\n* Imagining that your loved one is alive\r\n* meddling for the person in familiar places\r\n* Avoiding things that remind you of your loved one\r\n* Extreme anger or rancour over the loss\r\n* Feeling that life is empty or meaningless\r\nEvery person is individual and deal with grieving process differently ,however some people experience high level of distress which brings them to see the counsellor. (Stroebe,Schut & Stroebe,2005)People seeking counselling would sort of often come for dish up with thoughts, behaviours, feelings or energy to coop. sometimes grieving person realizes that counselling is the way to go sometimes family or friends would recognize the symptoms and commend counselling to the grieving person. In both cases it’s counsellors responsibility to help the survivor to correct to the change. on that point are certain principles and procedures than counsellor should follow to help thickening work through grieving process and come to a good outcome.\r\n1, Actualize the loss\r\nTalking about loss may be very difficult for client. This can be encourage by counse llor by asking enchant questions: when this happened, how this happened, who told you about it, where were you… some clients would rent to go over and over it in their minds before they can be fully aware that it has happened. thither is not a time scale for this and counsellor volition have to follow clients own pace. counseling is in this stage clients listener and can facilitate the growing sentience of the loss and its impact by encouraging to give tongue to current and past memories of the deceased.\r\n2, attain and experience feelings\r\n many another(prenominal) clients come to counselling as the are upset about what they are feeling. Some feelings can be very confusing and problematic such as anger ,guilt ,helplessness, loneliness, anxiety. Counsellor’s role is to moderate client that all these feelings are natural and are part of grieving process and help them to have it away these sometimes negative feelings. It is important not to head client with n egative feelings but to help them scratch balance between the negative and positive feelings as focusing on negativity may put client in the risk of complications in the trial and make them suitable for medical treatment(Neimeyer 2000)\r\n3, Assist adapt to the loss\r\nTo achieve this counsellor may use problem solving approach. What are the problems that client is facing and how can this be solved? Counsellor can help to film effective manage skills help with self esteem if needed .Good judgement of military position is necessary as during acute grief there is an increased risk of maladaptive response.\r\n4, Help let on meaning in the loss\r\nThe specific ways in which people find meaning-strategies such as â€Å"there’s a spiritual order to the universe”,”she drank too much”,I needed to learn something”-may be less sailent than the process itself .In other words,the ability to reascribe meaning to a change world may be more significant than th e specific surfeit by which that need is fulfilled.(Schwartzberg and Halgin 1991,p.245) Finding meaning in loss is one of the goals of counselling. The process can be as important as the meaning.\r\n5, Facilitate emotional relocation\r\nBy this counsellor can help client find a new place in their own life which will help them to move forward with life. Some people don’t need any encouragement but there are many who do. Especially with loss of loved ones people are tended to feel that if they will move on it will dishonour the stock of the deceased or no one will ever fill the place of lost one. Counsellor can help client to realize that this is true up to certain extend but it is all right to live and enjoy their own life.\r\n6, Provide time to grieve\r\nGrieving requires time and every person deal with loss differently. Client may be going backward and forward in grieving process and counsellor is there to allow as much time as client needs. Sometimes family and friends s eem to the grieving person as â€Å"they don’t understand” â€Å"they keep telling me what to do” etc. Counsellor can help symbolize to family members that grieving person needs to accommodate to the loss. There is also a critical time periods which for grieving person is more likely to be difficult to coop with. This would be anniversaries, birthdays ,Christmas and holidays. It is certified to make a note of this dates as grieving person would often need extra support .If these critical dates come after counselling treatment has finished it is advised to make an arrangements to contact client.\r\n7, Allow for individual differences\r\nGrieving process has a wide range of behavioral responses and has strong individual differences in the intensity of reactions, pain ,length of time (Schvartzberg&Halgin,1991) Counsellor can help to explain these differences to the family as sometimes they expect everyone to grieve the same way. Of course client’s eth nicity, religion, bringing up and beliefs play major role in the process and counsellor has to be familiar with these factors.\r\n8, Examine defences and coping styles\r\nWhen rapport between client and counsellor has developed clients are more willing to discuss their behaviour. Some of the coping styles can be dangerous( alcohol and medicate abuse) and not making adjustment to the loss. Counsellor has to be alert and inquire about this as impenetrable drug or alcohol use can intensify the grief and depression. As a general rule, normal grief does not warrant the use of antidepressants. While medication may relieve some of the symptoms of grief, it cannot treat the cause, which is the loss itself. Furthermore, by numbing the pain that must be worked through eventually, antidepressants delay the mourning process. Counsellor can help with active emotional coping which seems to be most effective way to deal with bereavement. This techniques includes using humour ,reframing and rede fining difficult situation.\r\n9, Identify Pathology and adjoin\r\nIn some cases counsellor may recognize a pathological difficulties in client’s behaviour .Some people will not be able to coop and will stick to struggle. This can develop to some type of complicated grief. .In this case counsellor will have to refer client for different type of psychotherapy. Left untreated, complicated grief and depression can lead to significant emotional damage, life-threatening health problems, and even suicide. To add together grieving process is natural reaction to the loss It is personal highly individual experience. There is unrealizable to set a time scale or ask when grieving process is finished.\r\nBowlby(1980) and Parkes (1972) both say that grieving is finished when a person completes the final exam phase of restitution. There is a sense in which grieving can be finished when people regain an interest in life, feel more hopeful and adapt to the change. In lots of cases grief counselling is helpful but as a therapists we have to accept that not every grieving person needs counselling and for those who do need it counselling has to be customized as grief is peculiar to each individual ( Neimeyer,2000)\r\nReferences:\r\nBowlby,J.(1980) Attachment and loss ,New York: basal Books\r\nKubler-Ross,E.(1969) On death and dying. New York:Macmillan\r\nNeimeyer,R.(Ed).(2001) Meaning reconstructive memory and experience of loss. Washington D.C :American Psychological link Parkes,C.M.(1972).Bereavement:Studies of grief in adult life.New York:International University Press. Sanders,C. (1989 ) Grief:the mourning after.New York Wiley\r\nWorden,W.J.(2009) Grief counselling and grief therapy.A handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner New York: springer Publishing Company\r\n'

'Joe Lieberman Profiles in Courage\r'

' com adjusterized axial tomography Senator Joe Lieberman According to fanny F Kennedy, from his book visiblenesss in bra actually a soulfulness who â€Å"In whatever argonna of endorse one may ache the challenge of courage, whatever may be the sacrifices he faces if he follows his conscience †the loss of his friends, his fortune, his content handst, correct the esteem of his fellow men †each man must decide for himself the course he will follow. (246)” is a profile in courage. Joe Lieberman an independent democrat has made many disputable actions to wards the impact of his chargeer (Condon).Lieberman a Connecticut Senator was take in 1988, has made some arguable decisions in his career (Gunzburger). The ongoing war in Iraq is a commonly debated theme Lieberman, remote his presidential termal party’s views, support the troops in Iraq wishing they stay (Adyanthaya). In the more or less recent presidential pick Joe Lieberman sided with re semi in the macrocosm eye(predicate)an candidate John McCain much to the abhor of the participatory society (Caliborne and Hovell). His roughly recent action is his beliefs towards the healthcare bill (Condon).Senator Lieberman has gone against his political party risking his popularity and support from his race. The war in Iraq and Afghanistan has been a very controersial topic of how to bet considerationent a way let out. Joe Lieberman has supported relieving Iraq of Saddam Hussein in advance George W. Bush was even elected president for his first term (Adyanthaya). Lieberman, in 1998, co-sponsored the Iraq Liberation Act. unanimously the Act passed the Senate and made a change to the power of the g everyplacenment in Iraq official U. S. policy.Many people in the democratic Party changed their printing of the Iraq Liberation. Joe Lieberman went against his party support the Act (Adyanthaya). Many of Lieberman’s adorers were against America being gnarly in Iraq. Lieberman has been a organize of political attacks based on decisions and beliefs (Adyanthaya). An article in the newfangled York Times has described him as â€Å"an increasingly unwelcome variety within his party. ” Lieberman’s beliefs and decisions leave led his party to conventionalism him out and may flummox started to ruin his political career.In 2000 he was the populistic Party’s nominee for Vice President. In the 2006 senate resource Lieberman was faced with a challenger for the up sexual climax election (Caliborne and Hovell). To make Lieberman’s matters worsened The Daily Kos the angiotensin converting enzyme some popular bounteous website at the time, was looking for donations to sustain Lieberman’s challenger Ned Lamont. Ned Lamont win the Democratic vote over Lieberman in the 2006 primary Senate alternative (Burns). Lieberman came back and won as an Independent. In 2007 Lieberman was a supporter of Vice President Chen ey’s plan for the war in Iraq.Lieberman appeared on CBS’s mettle the Nation . There Senator Lieberman utter â€Å"I think we’ve got to be prepared to take rough military action against the Iranians to snag them from killing Americans in Iraq. And to me that would ac populateledge a strike over the border into Iran, where we assimilate life-threatening evidence that they select a base at which they are training these people coming back to Iraq to kill out soldiers (Porter). ” Once again Lieberman went against his Democratic Party supporting the Republican opinion on the war in Iraq.In the 2008 presidential election Joe Lieberman made his stand supporting Republican nominee John McCain. In 2007 Lieberman decided to support McCain because he considered him to be â€Å"the most capable to be commander in chief…, and the most capable of uniting the acres so that we can wear against Islamic extremism” utter an aide of Lieberman (King and Bash). Lieberman’s aide also insured that the senator doesn’t fix this as a â€Å" gossip on or an countenance of the Republican Party, only the person (King and Bash). ” Many people who receipt and respect Senator Lieberman are unhappy with his decisions.Senate Majority Leader devastate Reid verbalize â€Å"I capture great respect for Joe, merely I simply have to disagree with his decision to gage Senator McCain (King and Bash). ” When put uper and CEO of the Democratic Leadership Council Al From, found out about Lieberman’s choice he utter that â€Å"I am very saddened by senator Lieberman’s choice, and deep disagree with it. We need a Democratic president in 2008. (King and Bash)”, In response Lieberman utter that â€Å"I know that it’s unusual for a Democrat to been endorsing a Republican. Lieberman also added that â€Å" policy-making Parties are central in our outlandish. only if they’re non more important than what’s best for our land, they’re non more important than friendship. ” McCain verbalize that â€Å"I think it’s courageous when anyone crosses party lines to support a candidate from other party, the easiest thing for Joe to do would have just have sit on the sidelines in this guide (Caliborne and Hovell). ” The most current topic Joe has dealt with is the heath care crystalize bill.Senator Lieberman states that he has been â€Å"opposed to a movement-created, government-run insurance company (Grim)” In August of 2009 Lieberman believed that we have to put of the health care straighten until the economy is out of fadeout (Noah). In October the bill that contained no public option passed the military commission with every Republican opposed with the exception of Olympia Snowe (Grim), Lieberman stated that he will non support it â€Å"the way it is now. (Noah)” He also said that he will join a Republican fi libuster against healthcare reform if it did contain public option.Lieberman said he’s â€Å"opposed a public option because of the potential nitty-gritty it could place on taxpayers (Condon). ” Democrats hitherto made a public option that would be funded by premiums in place of national funds (Condon). wellness care options have insofar to be finalized and Lieberman’s decisions are yet to be determined. â€Å"Being a Republican is important. Being a Democrat is important. But you know what’s more important than that? The interest and well-being of the joined States of America (King and Bash),” he has said and has exactly done.In Lieberman’s opinion he has made decisions on the interest and well-being of the country (Caliborne and Hovell). He has stood up for what he believed in, gone against many of his supporters and against his birth political party. What else does Lieberman have to do to become a Profile in bravery? industrial pla nt Cited Adyanthaya, Anil. â€Å"RealClearPolitics †Articles †Profile in Courage? Not John Murtha. ” RealClearPolitics †Opinion, word, Analysis, Videos and Polls. N. p. , n. d. Web. 6 Dec. 2009. <http://www. realclear administration. com/articles/2006/03/profile_in_courage_not_john_mu. hypertext markup language>. Alter, Jonathan. Alter: Lieberman, health armorial bearing, and Hurt Feelings | intelligence informationweek Voices †Jonathan Alter | Newsweek. com. ” Newsweek †theme News, World News, Health, Technology, Entertainment and more… | Newsweek. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 6 Dec. 2009. <http://www. newsweek. com/id/222762>. Burns, horse parsley. â€Å"Ned Lamont could ‘opt in vs. Joe Lieberman †Alexander Burns †POLITICO. com. ” Politics, policy-making News †POLITICO. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 6 Dec. 2009. <http://www. politico. com/news/stories/1009/28800. hypertext markup language>. Condon, Stephanie . â€Å"Joe Lieberman Says Hell Block Reids Health Care Bill †Political Hotsheet †CBS News. geological fault News Headlines: Business, Entertainment & deoxyadenosine monophosphate; World News †CBS News. N. p. , n. d. Web. 6 Dec. 2009. <http://www. cbsnews. com/blogs/2009/10/27/politics/politicalhotsheet/entry5425530. s hypertext mark-up language>. Grim, Ryan. â€Å"Lieberman Willing To Sink Health Care Reform… But He Would Really shun To Do It (AUDIO). ” Breaking News and Opinion on The Huffington Post. N. p. , n. d. Web. 6 Dec. 2009. <http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2009/10/27/lieberman-willing-to-sink_n_335748. html>. Gunzburger, Ron. â€Å"Politics1 †Profile of Sen. Joe Lieberman (D-CT). ” Politics1 †American Politics, Elections, Candidates & angstrom unit; C adenosine monophosphateaigns.N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Dec. 2009. <http://www. politics1. com/lieberman. htm>. Kennedy, John F.. Profiles in Courage. N ew York: Harper & vitamin A; Bros, 1956. Print. King, John, and Dana Bash. â€Å"Lieberman: McCain can reunite our country †CNN. com. ” CNN. com †Breaking News, U. S. , World, Weather, Entertainment & Video News. N. p. , n. d. Web. 6 Dec. 2009. <http://www. cnn. com/2007/political relation/12/17/mccain. endorsements/>. â€Å"Lieberman Throws reinforcement Behind McCain †Political Radar. ” Political Punch. N. p. , n. d. Web. 6 Dec. 2009. <http://blogs. abcnews. com/politicalradar/2007/12/lieberman-throw. html&\r\n'